Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use -은/는커녕 to emphasize that something is impossible because a more basic or expected thing hasn't even happened yet.
- Attach -은커녕 to nouns ending in a consonant; use -는커녕 for vowels.
- The following clause must contain a negative verb or expression.
- It implies the first item is a 'given' that failed, making the second item even more impossible.
Overview
-은/는커녕 是一个非常地道且充满情感色彩的表达。它的核心含义是“别说X了，连Y都……”。这在中文里最接近的说法是“别提X了，连Y都……”。-은/는커녕 完美地捕捉了那种“高期望（度假）与低现实（周末休息）”之间的巨大落差。它不仅仅是在陈述事实，更是在进行一种强有力的反驳或自嘲。对于我们中文母语者来说，理解这个语法的关键在于把握其中的“逻辑递进”：如果连最基础的Y都做不到，那么更高级的X就更不用提了。掌握了这个语法，你的韩语表达会立刻从平铺直叙变得生动且富有张力。-은/는커녕 的逻辑基础是“由重到轻”的推论。它通过对比两个事物（X和Y），指出X（高门槛、高期望）是不可能的，因为连Y（低门槛、基础现实）都无法达成。在语法结构上，它由两部分组成：- 1前句（X-커녕）： 这里放入那个“更高级、更理想、更难实现”的目标或事物。它是你想要否定或 dismiss 的对象。
- 2后句（Y-도 ...）： 这里放入那个“更基础、更现实、更容易实现”的事物。注意，后句通常必须搭配
~도（连……也……）、~조차（甚至……）等强调词，以及否定谓语（如못하다,없다,아니다）。
집을 사기는커녕 월세도 못 내요。两者的逻辑完全一致，都是通过否定低层次的现实，来反衬高层次目标的遥不可及。理解这个“逻辑桥梁”，你就能在日常抱怨、拒绝他人或者强调困难时，精准地使用它。-은/는커녕 的接续规则取决于词性。对于名词，根据是否有收音（Batchim）决定使用 -은커녕 还是 -는커녕；对于动词和形容词，则需要先将其名词化为 -기 形式。밥은커녕 | babeunkeonyeong | 别说饭了 |커피는커녕 | keopineunkeonyeong | 别说咖啡了 |먹기는커녕 | meokgineunkeonyeong | 别说吃（动作）了 |칭찬은커녕 꾸중만 들었어요（别说表扬了，只听到了责骂）。注意，对于动词和形容词，我们必须使用 -기는커녕，这是将谓语转化为名词性成分的必要步骤，类似于中文里“跑的动作”这种表达。- 1反驳不切实际的建议： 当别人提出一个你完全无法达到的目标时，用它来表达“这根本不可能”。例如：
비행기 표는커녕 버스비도 없어요（别说机票了，连公交车费都没有）。 - 2描述事与愿违的挫败感： 当你期待好的结果，却得到了相反的结果。此时常搭配
오히려（反而）。例如：도와주기는커녕 오히려 방해만 했어요（别说帮忙了，反而只添了乱）。 - 3强调极度的匮乏： 用来描述某种基础生存条件的缺失。例如：
에어컨은커녕 선풍기도 없어요（别说空调了，连电风扇都没有）。
- 1正反逻辑颠倒： 我们常会不小心把基础的放在前面，高级的放在后面。例如：“别说周末了，连假期都没空”。这在逻辑上是错误的，必须是“别说假期（高级）了，连周末（基础）都没空”。
- 2后句缺乏否定语境：
커녕的存在意义就是为了否定。如果后句是肯定的，比如“别说买车了，我买自行车了”，这在韩语中是绝对错误的。必须用~는커녕+~도 못/안这种否定组合。 - 3与
-기는 하다混淆： 有些同学想表达“虽然……但是……”，却错用了커녕。例如：“虽然我练了，但是没瘦”，不能说운동하기는커녕 안 빠졌어요，而应该用운동하기는 하는데 살이 안 빠져요。커녕是彻底的否定，而~기는 하다是转折承认。
-은/는커녕 | 别说X，连Y都... | 强烈的逻辑递进，用于否定基础现实 |~은/는 물론이고 | 不仅X，而且Y | 用于肯定，表示“X是基础，Y更进一步” |~는 대신에 | 代替X，做Y | 用于选择，表示替代关系，而非否定 |- 1问：形容词也可以用吗？ 答：可以，但必须变成
-기는커녕。例如예쁘기는커녕（别说漂亮了）。 - 2问：一定要加
~도吗？ 答：虽然语法上不强求，但加上~도会让语气的强调感更强，听起来更地道。 - 3问：可以用在肯定句吗？ 答：绝对不行。
커녕的逻辑就是否定，用在肯定句中会让韩国人完全听不懂你想表达什么。
Formation Rules
| Noun Ending | Particle | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Consonant
|
-은커녕
|
밥 + 은커녕 = 밥은커녕
|
|
Vowel
|
-는커녕
|
휴가 + 는커녕 = 휴가는커녕
|
|
Consonant
|
-은커녕
|
잠 + 은커녕 = 잠은커녕
|
|
Vowel
|
-는커녕
|
차 + 는커녕 = 차는커녕
|
|
Consonant
|
-은커녕
|
돈 + 은커녕 = 돈은커녕
|
|
Vowel
|
-는커녕
|
집 + 는커녕 = (Incorrect: 집은커녕)
|
Meanings
This particle expresses that the first mentioned item is not only not achieved, but a more basic or expected item is also not achieved.
Negative Contrast
Emphasizing the failure to achieve a baseline expectation.
“휴가는커녕 주말에도 일해요.”
“칭찬은커녕 욕만 먹었어요.”
Reference Table
| 结尾类型 | 接续形式 | 例子 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
元音结尾 (如 커피)
|
-는커녕
|
커피는커녕
|
别说咖啡了...
|
|
辅音结尾 (如 밥)
|
-은커녕
|
밥은커녕
|
别说饭了...
|
|
动词词干 (如 가다)
|
-기는커녕
|
가기는커녕
|
别说去了...
|
|
汉字词名词 (如 칭찬)
|
-은커녕
|
칭찬은커녕
|
别说称赞了...
|
正式程度
식사는커녕 업무도 못 했습니다. (Workplace)
식사는커녕 업무도 못 했어요. (Workplace)
밥은커녕 일도 못 했어. (Workplace)
밥은커녕 일도 못 함. (Workplace)
不可能等级图
绝对不可能 (高门槛)
- 名词 A + 은/는커녕 牛排 / 新车 / 升职
也不可能 (低门槛)
- 名词 B + 도 (못/안) 拉面 / 自行车 / 饭碗保住
助词大比拼
该用哪个助词？
句子是否是否定的？
是否在对比‘难事’和‘易事’？
是否是正式报告？
常用配对组合
金钱
- • 牛排 vs 拉面
- • 汽车 vs 自行车
- • 奖金 vs 工资
时间
- • 睡觉 vs 坐下
- • 旅行 vs 周末
- • 约会 vs 短信
能力
- • 跑步 vs 走路
- • 外语 vs 母语
- • 表扬 vs 辱骂
按水平分级的例句
돈은커녕 밥도 없어요.
I have no money, let alone food.
물은커녕 차도 없어요.
No water, let alone tea.
잠은커녕 쉴 시간도 없어요.
No sleep, let alone time to rest.
친구는커녕 아는 사람도 없어요.
No friends, let alone acquaintances.
휴가는커녕 주말에도 일해요.
Forget vacation, I work on weekends too.
칭찬은커녕 욕만 먹었어요.
Forget praise, I only got scolded.
집은커녕 방도 못 구했어요.
Forget a house, I couldn't even find a room.
선물은커녕 편지도 없었어요.
Forget a gift, there wasn't even a letter.
승진은커녕 월급도 안 올랐어요.
Forget a promotion, my salary didn't even go up.
여행은커녕 외식도 못 해요.
Forget travel, we can't even eat out.
사과는커녕 변명만 하네요.
Forget an apology, they are only making excuses.
이해는커녕 듣지도 않아요.
Forget understanding, they won't even listen.
대화는커녕 눈도 안 마주쳐요.
Forget conversation, they won't even make eye contact.
해결은커녕 문제가 더 커졌어요.
Forget a solution, the problem has grown larger.
도움은커녕 방해만 되네요.
Forget help, you are just being a hindrance.
기대는커녕 포기하고 싶어요.
Forget expectations, I just want to give up.
성공은커녕 시작도 못 했습니다.
Forget success, we haven't even begun.
감사는커녕 불평만 늘어놓네요.
Forget gratitude, they are just complaining.
안정은커녕 혼란만 가중됩니다.
Forget stability, only chaos is increasing.
반응은커녕 확인도 안 하네요.
Forget a response, they haven't even checked it.
보상은커녕 책임도 안 지네요.
Forget compensation, they won't even take responsibility.
변화는커녕 퇴보하고 있습니다.
Forget change, we are regressing.
존중은커녕 무시당하고 있어요.
Forget respect, I am being ignored.
대안은커녕 문제조차 모릅니다.
Forget alternatives, they don't even know the problem.
容易混淆
Both connect two nouns, but one is for positive addition and one is for negative impossibility.
Both imply a negative state, but -조차 just means 'even'.
Both imply a negative state, but -마저 means 'even' (the last remaining thing).
常见错误
밥은커녕 먹었어요.
밥은커녕 못 먹었어요.
휴가는커녕 갔어요.
휴가는커녕 쉬지도 못했어요.
돈은커녕 많아요.
돈은커녕 빚만 있어요.
잠은커녕 잤어요.
잠은커녕 한숨도 못 잤어요.
친구는커녕 많아요.
친구는커녕 아는 사람도 없어요.
선물은커녕 샀어요.
선물은커녕 카드도 못 샀어요.
집은커녕 샀어요.
집은커녕 방도 못 구했어요.
승진은커녕 했어요.
승진은커녕 월급도 안 올랐어요.
여행은커녕 갔어요.
여행은커녕 외출도 못 했어요.
사과는커녕 했어요.
사과는커녕 변명만 했어요.
성공은커녕 했어요.
성공은커녕 시작도 못 했습니다.
句型
___은/는커녕 ___도 못 했어요.
___은/는커녕 ___조차 없어요.
___은/는커녕 ___만 늘었어요.
___은/는커녕 ___도 안 하네요.
Real World Usage
오늘 야근이라 밥은커녕 물도 못 마심 ㅠㅠ
휴가는커녕 주말에도 일하는 내 인생...
이전 직장에서는 승진은커녕 월급 인상도 없었습니다.
호텔은커녕 잘 곳도 없어서 고생했어요.
배달은커녕 주문 취소만 당했어요.
해결은커녕 문제의 본질조차 파악하지 못했다.
动词变身术
顺序千万别反
高端的谦虚
黄金搭档 -도
Smart Tips
Use -은/는커녕 to emphasize how little time you have.
Use -은/는커녕 to show that even the easiest task failed.
Use -은/는커녕 to highlight that you didn't get what you expected.
Use -은/는커녕 to show the severity of the situation.
发音
Liaison
The 'ㄴ' sound in 커녕 often causes nasalization of the preceding consonant.
Falling
밥은커녕 ↘
Conveys frustration or resignation.
记住它
记忆技巧
Think of '커녕' as 'Can-young' (a person who can't do anything). If Can-young can't do the easy thing, he definitely can't do the hard thing.
视觉联想
Imagine a ladder. The bottom rung is broken (the noun). You can't even step on the bottom rung, so you definitely can't reach the top of the ladder (the goal).
Rhyme
If the noun is small, the verb must fall. With -은/는커녕, the negative is the call.
Story
Min-su was hungry. He wanted a steak. He couldn't even find bread. He said, 'Bread-은커녕 steak-도 없어요!'
Word Web
挑战
Write 3 sentences about your day using -은/는커녕 to describe things you didn't get to do.
文化笔记
Used to emphasize extreme workload or lack of resources in a professional setting.
Derived from the particle -은/는 and the verb 거녕 (a form of 거느리다/거두다).
对话开场白
오늘 너무 바쁘지 않아요?
이번 프로젝트 잘 되고 있어요?
요즘 돈 좀 모았어요?
그 사람 사과했나요?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
为 '새 차는커녕...' 选择最佳配对：
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Find and fix the mistake:
哪个句子使用 "-커녕" 是错误的？
Score: /3
练习题
8 exercises밥___ 물도 못 마셨어요.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
칭찬은커녕 많이 받았어요.
돈이 없어서 밥도 못 먹었어요.
A: 프로젝트 끝났어요? B: ___
못 / 밥은커녕 / 물도 / 마셨어요
Match: 밥, 휴가
Which sentence is correct?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises보너스___ 월급도 못 받았어요.
排序：영화는커녕 / 시간이 / TV 볼 / 없어요
翻译‘别说电脑了’：‘别说电脑了，我连手机都没有。’
完成句子：'___은커녕 걷지도 못해요.' (别说___，连路都走不了。)
找错：'노래는커녕 춤도 췄어요.'
名词与助词连线：
성공___ 실패만 안 하면 다행이다.
什么时候会说 '여행은커녕 휴가도 못 냈어'？
排序：못해요 / 영어는커녕 / 한국말도
‘别说帮忙了’用韩语怎么说？
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
No, it must be used with negative verbs.
-은/는커녕 is for negative contrast, -은/는 물론이고 is for positive addition.
Yes, use -은커녕 for consonants and -는커녕 for vowels.
It can be used in both, depending on the verb ending.
Yes, but be careful as it sounds quite negative.
Because the particle implies that the first item is impossible, so the second must also be impossible.
Yes, it is very common when complaining.
Yes, as long as the future verb is negative.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
let alone
English doesn't require a negative verb as strictly as Korean.
geschweige denn
German syntax is more rigid.
sans parler de
French is not restricted to negative polarity.
ni hablar de
Spanish is more idiomatic.
doko ka
Japanese particle placement is different.
更不用说
Chinese is not restricted to negative polarity.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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