C1 Formal Register 13 min read 困难

间接引语和引用机制 (Disse que...)

玩转间接引语就像穿越时空！记住三大法宝：动词时态要 «后退一步»，人称代词要跟着 «视角变»，还有别忘了转换 «时间地点» 词哦！
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Indirect speech shifts verb tenses and pronouns to report what someone else said without using direct quotes.

  • Shift tenses back: Present becomes Imperfect, Perfect becomes Pluperfect (e.g., 'disse que estava').
  • Adjust pronouns: First-person speakers become third-person (e.g., 'eu' becomes 'ele/ela').
  • Time markers change: 'hoje' becomes 'naquele dia', 'amanhã' becomes 'no dia seguinte'.
Speaker + Verb (dizer/afirmar) + que + [Shifted Clause]

Overview

Mastering indirect speech and the sophisticated use of citation mechanisms is a cornerstone of C1-level proficiency in Portuguese. This skill, known as discurso indireto, is not merely about relaying what someone said; it's about artfully weaving their words, ideas, and intentions into your own discourse. For academic writing, professional communication, and nuanced storytelling, this capability is indispensable.
It marks the transition from simply reporting information to interpreting and framing it.
At this advanced stage, you'll move far beyond the basic ele disse que (he said that). The focus shifts to a broad lexicon of reporting verbs (verbos dicendi) and the precise temporal adjustments required to maintain logical and grammatical integrity. This allows you to signal your stance toward the information you're reporting—be it affirmation, doubt, suggestion, or command.
Your ability to manipulate these structures demonstrates a deep understanding of the language's architecture and empowers you to communicate with the precision and sophistication expected in formal and intellectual contexts. It is the tool that allows you to report on the world rather than just exist in it.

How This Grammar Works

The core principle of Portuguese indirect speech is transposition (transposição). When you report an utterance, you are fundamentally shifting its deictic center. Deixis refers to words and phrases whose meaning is tied to the context of the utterance, specifically the speaker's identity, location, and time.
The original statement has its own *here and now* and *I*. When you report it, you transpose it into your own frame of reference, which becomes a *there and then* and a *he/she/they*.
This transposition requires systematic grammatical adjustments. Think of it as re-calibrating the original sentence to fit your current reality. The main transformations involve person, space, time, and, most critically, verb tense.
1. Personal Deixis (Pessoa): Pronouns and their corresponding verb conjugations must shift to reflect the new speaker. The original speaker's eu (I) or nós (we) becomes a third-person subject from your perspective.
  • Direct: Joana disse:
    Eu preciso de ajuda.
     (Joana said:
    I need help.
    )
  • Indirect: Joana disse que ela precisava de ajuda. (Joana said that she needed help.)
2. Spatial Deixis (Espaço): Adverbs and demonstratives of place must be adjusted away from the original speaker's location. What was aqui (here) for them is now lá or ali (there) for you.
  • Direct: Pedro afirmou:
    O relatório está aqui na minha mesa.
     (Pedro stated:
    The report is here on my desk.
    )
  • Indirect: Pedro afirmou que o relatório estava lá na mesa dele. (Pedro stated that the report was there on his desk.)
3. Temporal Deixis (Tempo): Time-related adverbs must be re-anchored to the moment of reporting, not the original moment of speech. This is a crucial element that works in tandem with tense shifts.
| Original Adverb (Direct) | Reported Adverb (Indirect) |
|---|---|
| hoje (today) | naquele dia (that day) |
| ontem (yesterday) | no dia anterior (the day before) |
| amanhã (tomorrow) | no dia seguinte (the next day) |
| agora (now) | naquele momento / então (at that moment / then) |
| esta semana (this week) | naquela semana (that week) |
  • Direct:
    Terminarei o projeto amanhã,
    ela prometeu.     (
    I will finish the project tomorrow,
    she promised.    )
  • Indirect: Ela prometeu que terminaria o projeto no dia seguinte. (She promised she would finish the project the next day.)
4. Tense Sequence (Sequência Temporal): This is the most complex and defining feature. When your main reporting verb (e.g., disse, explicou) is in a past tense, the verb of the reported clause systematically shifts back into a past-oriented tense.
This grammatical cascade maintains temporal logic. An action that was 'present' for the original speaker is now 'past' from your reporting viewpoint. This sequence is not arbitrary; it is the grammatical encoding of a sequence of events in time.

Formation Pattern

1
The grammatical heart of discurso indireto is the tense backshift, which is contingent on the tense of the reporting verb. The rules are precise and predictable.
2
Rule 1: When the reporting verb is in a past tense (e.g., Pretérito Perfeito, Pretérito Imperfeito), the verb in the reported clause must shift back. This is the most common and important scenario.
3
| Tense in Direct Speech (Voz Direta) | Shifts to... Tense in Indirect Speech | Example Transformation |
4
|---|---|---|
5
| Presente do Indicativo
Eu estou ocupado.
 | Pretérito Imperfeito do Indicativo...que estava ocupado. | The present reality of the speaker becomes a past, ongoing state from the reporter's view. |
6
| Pretérito Perfeito
Eu falei com ele.
 | Pretérito Mais-que-Perfeito...que falara (literary) or ...que tinha falado (common) | An action already completed in the original utterance becomes a
past of the past.
The compound form is overwhelmingly preferred in modern usage. |
7
| Futuro do Presente
Eu viajarei amanhã.
 | Futuro do Pretérito (Condicional)...que viajaria no dia seguinte. | What was a future certainty becomes a future intention relative to a past moment. |
8
| Presente do Subjuntivo
Espero que dê certo.
 | Pretérito Imperfeito do Subjuntivo...que esperava que desse certo. | A present desire or uncertainty is pushed into a past context. |
9
| Imperativo (Command)
Faça o seu trabalho!
 | Pretérito Imperfeito do Subjuntivo...que fizesse o seu trabalho. | A direct command is transformed into a reported request/order, requiring the subjunctive. |
10
Rule 2: When the reporting verb is in the present or future (diz, vai dizer), no backshift occurs. The tense of the reported clause is preserved because the act of reporting is concurrent with or subsequent to the original statement's timeframe.
11
Direct:
Eu estou cansado.
12
Report (Present): Ele diz que está cansado. (He says he is tired.)
13
Report (Future): Ele vai dizer que está cansado. (He is going to say he is tired.)
14
Advanced Citation: Beyond Dizer
15
Your choice of reporting verb (verbo dicendi) injects your interpretation. At the C1 level, you must use a varied palette.
16
To Signal Certainty: afirmar, assegurar, confirmar, garantir.
17
Ele garantiu que os dados estavam corretos. (He guaranteed the data were correct.)
18
To Signal Neutrality/Objectivity: indicar, mencionar, relatar, apontar.
19
O relatório aponta que houve um aumento nos custos. (The report points out there was an increase in costs.)
20
To Signal Opinion or Uncertainty (Hedging): sugerir, alegar, supor, insinuar, acreditar.
21
A testemunha alegou que o suspeito tinha fugido. (The witness alleged the suspect had fled.)
22
To Report Questions, Requests, and Commands:
23
Yes/No Questions: Use perguntar se.
24
Você aceita o cargo?
 → Ela perguntou se ele aceitava o cargo.
25
Information Questions (WH-): Use perguntar + the question word (onde, quem, quando, etc.).
26
Onde fica a estação?
 → Ele perguntou onde ficava a estação.
27
Commands: Use pedir que, ordenar que, exigir que + Imperfect Subjunctive.
28
Traga-me o café! → Ele pediu que eu lhe trouxesse o café.

When To Use It

While foundational for conversation, the true power of sophisticated indirect speech is realized in specific C1-level contexts that demand precision, formality, and analytical depth.
1. Academic and Scientific Writing: This is the primary domain. You almost never use direct quotes outside of specific textual analysis.
Instead, you paraphrase and integrate sources using reporting verbs that define your relationship to the cited work. It is the bedrock of literature reviews, theoretical discussions, and data reporting.
  • Foucault (1975) argumenta que o poder moderno opera através da disciplina. (Foucault (1975) argues that modern power operates through discipline.)
  • Os dados sugerem que a intervenção foi eficaz, embora os autores alertem que mais pesquisas são necessárias. (The data suggest that the intervention was effective, although the authors warn that more research is needed.)
2. Professional and Business Communication: In reports, meeting minutes, and formal emails, indirect speech is used to document conversations, decisions, and requests accurately and formally. It creates a clear, objective record.
  • Na reunião, a diretora solicitou que o prazo fosse estendido. (In the meeting, the director requested that the deadline be extended.)
  • Conforme nossa conversa telefônica, você confirmou que o pagamento seria efetuado até sexta-feira. (As per our phone conversation, you confirmed that payment would be made by Friday.)
3. Journalism and Formal Reporting: Journalists use indirect speech to report statements from sources, often choosing verbs that subtly frame the reliability of the information.
  • O porta-voz do governo anunciou que novas medidas seriam implementadas. (The government spokesperson announced that new measures would be implemented.)
  • Fontes anônimas alegam que houve um desacordo interno. (Anonymous sources allege that there was an internal disagreement.)
4. Hedging and Creating Critical Distance: This is a particularly advanced skill. By choosing a verb like supor (to suppose) or alegar (to allege) over afirmar (to affirm), you report the information while simultaneously distancing yourself from it, indicating it is a claim, not a fact.
This is crucial for maintaining objectivity and intellectual honesty.
  • Ele afirmou que era o dono da empresa. (Implies you believe him or are stating it as fact.)
  • Ele alegava que era o dono da empresa. (Reports his claim while implying it might be untrue or unverified.)

Common Mistakes

Advanced learners often grasp the concept but fall into subtle yet significant error patterns. Awareness is the key to avoiding them.
1. Forgetting Tense Backshift with Past Reporting Verbs: The single most frequent error. The brain wants to keep the tense it first heard.
  • Mistake: Ontem, ela me disse que está doente.
  • Why it's wrong: The reporting (disse) is in the past. Her state of being sick is therefore also anchored in that past moment. It breaks the temporal logic.
  • Correction: Ontem, ela me disse que estava doente.
2. Incorrect Deixis Shifts: Mixing up the original and reported contexts, especially with aqui/lá and amanhã/no dia seguinte.
  • Mistake: No telefonema, ele disse que me esperaria aqui amanhã.
  • Why it's wrong: The 'here' and 'tomorrow' belong to the speaker at the moment of the phone call, not the reporter's current context.
  • Correction: No telefonema, ele disse que me esperaria lá no dia seguinte.
3. Using que to Report Yes/No Questions: A direct translation from some languages. In Portuguese, yes/no questions require se.
  • Mistake: Ele perguntou que eu queria ajuda.
  • Why it's wrong: Que introduces a statement or a WH-question clause. Se introduces a condition or a binary (yes/no) possibility.
  • Correction: Ele perguntou se eu queria ajuda.
4. Over-reliance on dizer: Using disse que for everything is grammatically correct but stylistically poor. It signals a less sophisticated command of the language and strips your speech of nuance.
  • Instead of: Ele disse que o projeto era bom. Ele disse que devíamos investir. Ele disse que o retorno era garantido.
  • Use: Ele sugeriu que o projeto era bom e insistiu que devíamos investir, garantindo que o retorno seria certo.
5. Fear of the Pluperfect (Mais-que-Perfeito): Learners either avoid it entirely or use the simple form (falara) incorrectly in conversation. The compound form (tinha falado) is your go-to tool.
  • Context: He said:
    I had already finished.
  • Awkward/Literary: Ele disse que já terminara.
  • Natural/Correct: Ele disse que já tinha terminado.
Remember: When reporting a Pretérito Perfeito (e.g., Eu terminei), the correct backshift is to the compound pluperfect (que tinha terminado).

Real Conversations

Observe how the formal rules bend and adapt in authentic, modern contexts. Native speakers constantly make context-based simplifications.

1. Professional Slack/Teams Chat (Brazilian Portuguese):

-

Gente, o CEO acabou de passar aqui. Ele falou que quer o relatório na mesa dele até o almoço. Pediu pra focar 100% nisso agora.

- Analysis: Notice the mix. Falou que quer instead of the formally correct falou que queria. In the immediacy of a work chat, the present tense quer is used to emphasize the current urgency of the request. The backshift is stylistically omitted. Pediu pra is a common colloquial reduction of pediu para que.

2. WhatsApp Voice Message (European Portuguese):

-

Olha, a Inês ligou há pouco. Disse que não pode vir esta noite, falou que está com uma enxaqueca terrível. Perguntou se podíamos remarcar para a semana que vem.

- Analysis: Similar to the BP example, the backshift is ignored (disse que não pode instead of podia; falou que está instead of estava). In casual, immediate conversation, speakers often report the *content* using the original tense because it still feels psychologically present and relevant. The formal rules are relaxed for fluency and directness.

3. Formal News Broadcast:

-

O presidente do Banco Central esclareceu que as taxas de juro não sofreriam alterações no curto prazo, mas ressalvou que o cenário internacional exigia cautela. Acrescentou ainda que a equipa económica estava atenta às flutuações do mercado.

- Analysis: This is where the rules are applied rigorously. Notice the variety of reporting verbs: esclareceu (clarified), ressalvou (noted/emphasized), acrescentou (added). The tenses are perfectly backshifted: sofreriam (Futuro do Pretérito), exigia (Imperfeito), estava (Imperfeito). This is the model for your own formal writing.

Quick FAQ

Q1: Do I really always have to backshift the tense?
  • A: No. The main exception is when reporting a timeless, universal truth or a state that is demonstrably still true. For example: O meu avô sempre dizia que a honestidade é a melhor política. (Honesty is the best policy - it's a timeless statement). In informal speech, as shown above, the rule is also frequently relaxed for immediacy. However, in formal C1 writing, you should always backshift unless you have a specific reason not to.
Q2: What is the real difference between diz que and disse que?
  • A: Diz que (present) is used for reporting something just said, a recurring statement, or—very commonly in Brazil—for introducing gossip or rumor (Dizem por aí que... - Rumor has it that...). It doesn't trigger a backshift. Disse que (past) is the standard for reporting a specific past utterance and is the primary trigger for the tense sequence rules.
Q3: How do I choose the best reporting verb? It seems overwhelming.
  • A: Start with intent. Was the original speaker stating a fact (afirmar), proposing an idea (sugerir), denying something (negar), expressing an unproven claim (alegar), or making a demand (exigir)? Your verb choice is your analysis of their intent. Begin by mastering one verb from each category (certainty, uncertainty, request) and expand from there.
Q4: Is the simple pluperfect like fizera ever used in spoken Portuguese?
  • A: Almost never, in either Brazil or Portugal. It is a feature of literary narrative and highly formal legal or academic texts. Using it in conversation can sound archaic or pretentious. For reporting a past action that happened before another past action, always default to the compound form: ele disse que tinha feito.

Tense Backshifting Rules

Direct Speech Indirect Speech Example
Present
Imperfect
Eu como → Ele disse que comia
Perfect
Pluperfect
Eu comi → Ele disse que comera
Future
Conditional
Eu comerei → Ele disse que comeria
Imperative
Subjunctive
Coma! → Ele pediu que comesse
Present Continuous
Imperfect Continuous
Estou comendo → Ele disse que estava comendo

Meanings

Indirect speech is used to report the content of a statement, question, or command without quoting the speaker directly.

1

Reporting Statements

Relaying information using 'que'.

“Ela afirmou que estava cansada.”

“Eles disseram que viriam.”

2

Reporting Questions

Relaying inquiries using 'se' or interrogative pronouns.

“Ele perguntou se eu estava bem.”

“Ela quis saber onde eu morava.”

3

Reporting Commands

Relaying orders using the infinitive or subjunctive.

“Ele pediu que eu fizesse o relatório.”

“Ela ordenou que saíssemos.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 间接引语和引用机制 (Disse que...)
原句时态 (直接引语) 转述时态 (间接引语) 时间/地点词转换
Presente (estudo)
Pret. Imperfeito (estudava)
Hoje → Naquele dia
Pret. Perfeito (estudei)
Pret. Mais-que-perfeito (tinha estudado)
Ontem → No dia anterior
Futuro do Presente (estudarei)
Futuro do Pretérito (estudaria)
Amanhã → No dia seguinte
Imperativo (Estude!)
Subjuntivo Imperfeito (que estudasse)
Agora → Naquele momento
Pres. Subjuntivo (talvez estude)
Imp. Subjuntivo (talvez estudasse)
Aqui → Lá / Ali
Este / Isto
Aquele / Aquilo
-

正式程度

正式
O porta-voz declarou que as medidas seriam implementadas.

O porta-voz declarou que as medidas seriam implementadas. (News/Professional)

中性
Ele disse que as medidas seriam implementadas.

Ele disse que as medidas seriam implementadas. (News/Professional)

非正式
Ele falou que vão implementar as medidas.

Ele falou que vão implementar as medidas. (News/Professional)

俚语
Ele mandou a real que vão fazer isso.

Ele mandou a real que vão fazer isso. (News/Professional)

直接引语到间接引语的转换

1

转述动词是过去时吗？

YES
时态后退一步 (过去时 → 愈过去时)
NO
保持时态 (现在时保持现在时)
2

是疑问句吗？

YES
使用 'se' (是否) 或保留疑问词
NO
使用 'que' (那)
3

有时间/地点标记词吗？

YES
把“这里/现在”变成“那里/那时”
NO ↓

时空穿梭：直接与间接标记词对比

直接引语 (原话)
Hoje 今天
Ontem 昨天
Amanhã 明天
Aqui 这里
间接引语 (转述)
Naquele dia 那天
No dia anterior 前一天
No dia seguinte 第二天
Lá / Ali 那里

言说动词 (Verbos Dicendi)

😐

中立 / 陈述

  • • Dizer
  • • Afirmar
  • • Declarar
  • • Contar
❓

提问

  • • Perguntar
  • • Indagar
  • • Questionar
⚔️

冲突 / 反驳

  • • Negar
  • • Retrucar
  • • Contestar
  • • Responder
💡

委婉 / 建议

  • • Sugerir
  • • Propor
  • • Sussurrar

引用的解剖学

间接引语结构

转述动词

  • Ele disse 他说

连接词

  • que / se 那 / 是否

新主语

  • ela 她

退后一步的动词

  • estava 是 (过去时)
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按水平分级的例句

1

Ele disse que gosta de café.

He said that he likes coffee.

2

Ela disse que está feliz.

She said that she is happy.

3

Ele disse que vai trabalhar.

He said that he is going to work.

4

Ela disse que não quer.

She said that she doesn't want to.

1

Ele disse que ia ao cinema.

He said he was going to the cinema.

2

Ela perguntou se eu estava ocupado.

She asked if I was busy.

3

Eles disseram que não podiam vir.

They said they couldn't come.

4

Ele disse que tinha comido.

He said he had eaten.

1

Ela afirmou que terminaria o projeto a tempo.

She stated that she would finish the project on time.

2

Ele perguntou o que eu faria na situação.

He asked what I would do in the situation.

3

Disseram-me que a reunião fora cancelada.

They told me the meeting had been canceled.

4

Ela pediu que eu enviasse o relatório.

She asked that I send the report.

1

O diretor declarou que a empresa não toleraria atrasos.

The director declared that the company would not tolerate delays.

2

Perguntaram-me se eu estivesse disposto a viajar.

They asked if I were willing to travel.

3

Ela mencionou que, caso pudesse, viria mais cedo.

She mentioned that, if she could, she would come earlier.

4

Informaram que as medidas seriam implementadas.

They informed that the measures would be implemented.

1

Ele argumentou que, se tivéssemos agido antes, o resultado teria sido outro.

He argued that if we had acted sooner, the result would have been different.

2

Ela ressaltou que, embora o cenário fosse incerto, a estratégia permanecia válida.

She highlighted that, although the scenario was uncertain, the strategy remained valid.

3

Disseram que, caso a proposta fosse aceita, eles assinariam o contrato.

They said that if the proposal were accepted, they would sign the contract.

4

Ele questionou se, de fato, a decisão fora tomada pelo conselho.

He questioned whether the decision had indeed been taken by the board.

1

O autor sustentou que a obra refletia as angústias de uma geração inteira.

The author maintained that the work reflected the anxieties of an entire generation.

2

Foi-nos comunicado que, sob nenhuma circunstância, a decisão seria revogada.

It was communicated to us that, under no circumstances, would the decision be revoked.

3

Ele indagou se, porventura, teríamos considerado as implicações éticas.

He inquired whether we had, by chance, considered the ethical implications.

4

A nota oficial reiterou que o governo não cederia a pressões externas.

The official note reiterated that the government would not yield to external pressures.

容易混淆

Indirect Speech & Citation Mechanisms (Disse que...) 对比 Direct vs Indirect Speech

Learners mix up the punctuation and tense rules.

Indirect Speech & Citation Mechanisms (Disse que...) 对比 Que vs Se

Learners use 'que' for all reported questions.

Indirect Speech & Citation Mechanisms (Disse que...) 对比 Dizer vs Falar

Learners use them interchangeably without considering register.

常见错误

✗

Ele disse que eu sou feliz.

✓

Ele disse que era feliz.

Failed to backshift tense.
✗

Ele disse que eu vou.

✓

Ele disse que ia.

Failed to adjust tense.
✗

Ele disse que eu estou aqui.

✓

Ele disse que estava lá.

Failed to adjust location/time.
✗

Ele disse que ele disse.

✓

Ele disse que tinha dito.

Incorrect tense sequence.
✗

Ele perguntou que eu quero.

✓

Ele perguntou o que eu queria.

Missing interrogative pronoun.
✗

Ela disse que eu venho.

✓

Ela disse que eu viria.

Future tense error.
✗

Ele disse que não sabe.

✓

Ele disse que não sabia.

Tense mismatch.
✗

Ele pediu que eu faço.

✓

Ele pediu que eu fizesse.

Subjunctive needed.
✗

Ele disse que teria ido se ele sabe.

✓

Ele disse que teria ido se soubesse.

Conditional sequence.
✗

Ela disse que amanhã ela vai.

✓

Ela disse que no dia seguinte ela iria.

Time marker shift.
✗

Ele disse que, se ele teria tempo, ele faria.

✓

Ele disse que, se tivesse tempo, faria.

Conditional clause error.
✗

Foi dito que a decisão é final.

✓

Foi dito que a decisão era final.

Tense shift in passive.
✗

Ele perguntou se eu teria feito se eu soubesse.

✓

Ele perguntou se eu teria feito se soubesse.

Redundant pronoun.
✗

Ela afirmou que a economia cresce.

✓

Ela afirmou que a economia crescia.

Tense shift.

句型

Ele disse que ___ ___ .

Ela perguntou se ___ ___ .

Eles afirmaram que ___ ___ ___ .

O diretor declarou que, se ___, ___ .

Real World Usage

Job Interview very common

O recrutador perguntou se eu tinha experiência.

Social Media common

Ela disse que não ia postar nada.

Texting constant

Ele disse que tá chegando.

News Report very common

O ministro afirmou que a economia cresceria.

Food Delivery occasional

O entregador disse que estava no prédio.

Academic Paper common

O autor sustenta que os dados são inconclusivos.

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💬

八卦文化

巴西人超爱听故事！用 diz que（据说/听人说）来引入八卦，既能分享猛料又不用为真实性负责，简直完美：
Diz que eles terminaram o namoro ontem!
🎯

告别词汇贫乏

写论文时，千万别在同一段里连用两次 disse。换成 afirmou、mencionou 或 ressaltou，瞬间提升学术格调：
O autor ressaltou que a pesquisa era inconclusiva.
⚠️

小心 "Tu" 的陷阱

如果原话用了 tu（非正式的“你”），转述时变成 ele/ela，千万别忘了动词变位也要跟着变哦！比如 Tu vais 要变成：
Ele disse que ia.

Smart Tips

Change the future tense to the conditional.

Ele disse: 'Eu farei isso'. → Ele disse que faria aquilo.

Use 'se' instead of 'que'.

Ele perguntou que eu ia. → Ele perguntou se eu ia.

Use the imperfect subjunctive.

Ele pediu que eu faço. → Ele pediu que eu fizesse.

Shift 'hoje' to 'naquele dia'.

Ele disse que estava ocupado hoje. → Ele disse que estava ocupado naquele dia.

发音

diz-que-es-TA-va-FELIZ

Intonation

Indirect speech usually has a neutral, falling intonation at the end of the sentence.

Reporting Question

Ele perguntou se eu es-TA-va-BEM?

Rising intonation on the reported question part.

记住它

记忆技巧

Backshift the tense, flip the pronoun, and change the time to stay in line.

视觉联想

Imagine a mirror. The original speaker is on one side, and you are reporting it on the other. Everything is flipped (pronouns) and pushed further away (tenses).

Rhyme

When you report what someone said, shift the tense to the past instead.

Story

Maria said, 'I am tired.' I tell John, 'Maria said she was tired.' John tells Sarah, 'Maria said she had been tired.'

Word Web

dissequeseperguntouafirmoutinhaestava

挑战

Take three sentences from a news article and rewrite them as indirect speech.

文化笔记

In Brazil, 'falar' is often used instead of 'dizer' in informal speech.

In Portugal, 'dizer' is preferred even in semi-formal contexts.

In academic writing, reporting verbs like 'sustentar', 'argumentar', and 'reiterar' are preferred.

Derived from Latin 'dicere' (to say).

对话开场白

“

O que o seu chefe disse sobre o projeto?

“

O que você disse para ela ontem?

“

O que os especialistas dizem sobre a economia?

“

O que você perguntou ao professor?

日记主题

Escreva sobre uma conversa difícil que você teve. O que a outra pessoa disse?
Resuma uma notícia que você leu hoje.
Como você explicaria uma ordem que recebeu para um colega?
Relate o que um amigo disse sobre os planos dele para o futuro.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

完成间接引语句子。

Direct: 'Eu vou viajar amanhã.' → Indirect: Ela disse que ___ viajar no dia seguinte.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ia
当我们在过去（disse）转述一个现在的意图或最近的将来（vou）时，需要把时态退回到未完成过去时（ia）。
为 "Fiz o bolo ontem" 选择正确的转述形式。 多项选择

Ele disse que...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tinha feito o bolo no dia anterior.
完美过去时（fiz）退后一步变成愈过去时（tinha feito），而 ontem 则要变成 no dia anterior。
纠正这句转述中的时态错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

O professor afirmou que a prova é difícil demais para nós.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O professor afirmou que a prova era difícil demais para nós.
如果他当时“表示”（afirmou - 过去时），那么考试很难的这个状态也应该匹配过去的那个时间线，使用未完成过去时（era）。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the correct tense.

Ele disse que ___ (ir) à festa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift to imperfect.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela disse que eu sou feliz.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift required.
Choose the correct reporting word. 多项选择

Ele perguntou ___ eu queria café.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Yes/no question uses 'se'.
Transform to indirect speech. Sentence Transformation

Eu disse: 'Eu vou amanhã'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Shift tense and time marker.
Is this correct? True False Rule

Ele disse que não sabia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct backshift.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: 'Eu estou cansado.' B: 'Ele disse que ___.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift.
Order the words. Sentence Building

que / disse / ele / viria / ele

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct syntax.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Ele disse que ___ (fazer) o trabalho.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Future becomes conditional.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
转述这个问句：'Você está bem?' 填空

Ele perguntou se eu ___ bem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: estava
将直接引语的时间词与间接引语的对应词配对。 Match Pairs

Match the pairs

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Hoje : Naquele dia","Amanh\u00e3 : No dia seguinte","Ontem : No dia anterior","Agora : Naquele momento"]
重新排列单词，组成正确的间接引语句子。 Sentence Reorder

disse / que / Ela / não / viria / festa / à

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela disse que não viria à festa
哪个转述动词最正式？ 多项选择

Choose the most appropriate verb for an academic paper:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O autor argumenta que...
纠正代词的使用。 Error Correction

João disse: 'Estou doente'. → João disse que estou doente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: João disse que ele estava doente.
翻译成葡萄牙语的间接引语。 翻译

He said he would call later.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que ligaria mais tarde.
填入正确的连接词。 填空

Não sei ___ ele vai vir ou não.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se
为祈使句 "Fale baixo!" 选择正确的转述形式。 多项选择

Ela pediu que...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: falássemos baixo.
将转述动词与其微妙含义配对。 Match Pairs

Match the verb to meaning

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Indagar : Ask\/Inquire","Retrucar : Retort\/Reply angrily","Sussurrar : Whisper","Garantir : Guarantee\/Assure"]
修正地点标记词。 Error Correction

Eu estava em Paris. Ela disse que adorava estar aqui.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela disse que adorava estar lá.
重构这句正式的引用。 Sentence Reorder

dados / indicam / Os / tendência / uma / que / nova

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os dados indicam que há uma nova tendência
转述这句愈过去时的句子。 填空

Direct: 'Eu já tinha comido.' → Indirect: Ele disse que já ___ comido.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tinha

Score: /12

常见问题 (8)

If the original statement is still true, you can keep the present tense, but backshifting is safer and more formal.

Only if it's a 'wh-' question (e.g., 'Ele perguntou o que eu queria'). For yes/no, use 'se'.

When reporting commands or requests (e.g., 'Ele pediu que eu fizesse').

Not at all, but it's more informal than 'dizer'.

Change it to 'no dia seguinte' or 'no dia posterior'.

You don't need to change the pronoun, but you still shift the tense.

The grammar is identical, but vocabulary preferences (falar vs dizer) vary.

Because it requires mastery of tense sequences and the subjunctive, which are advanced skills.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Decir que...

Portuguese uses more personal infinitive in reported commands.

French high

Dire que...

French uses 'si' for yes/no questions, similar to Portuguese 'se'.

German moderate

Sagen, dass...

German changes the mood, not just the tense.

Japanese low

...to itta

Japanese does not backshift tenses in the same way.

Arabic moderate

Qala anna...

Arabic tense sequence is less rigid than Portuguese.

Chinese low

Shuo...

No backshifting required because there is no conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
葡萄牙语法律与行政用语：读懂官僚合同 (Juridiquês)
Next
细腻表达：避免笼统化 (C1 正式)

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