C1 Formal Register 13 min read صعب

الكلام غير المباشر وآليات الاقتباس (Disse que...)

Indirect speech requires shifting person, space, and time markers relative to the speaker's current perspective.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Indirect speech shifts verb tenses and pronouns to report what someone else said without using direct quotes.

  • Shift tenses back: Present becomes Imperfect, Perfect becomes Pluperfect (e.g., 'disse que estava').
  • Adjust pronouns: First-person speakers become third-person (e.g., 'eu' becomes 'ele/ela').
  • Time markers change: 'hoje' becomes 'naquele dia', 'amanhã' becomes 'no dia seguinte'.
Speaker + Verb (dizer/afirmar) + que + [Shifted Clause]

نظرة عامة

نظرة عامة
هل حاولت من قبل إخبار صديق بما حدث في حفلة، لكنك وجدت نفسك تتعثر في عبارات مثل «هو قال، ثم هي ردت، ثم هو ذهب...»؟ في اللغة البرتغالية، اقتباس كلام الآخرين ليس مجرد تكرار للكلمات—إنه فن تغيير وجهات النظر. سواء كنت تنقل نميمة مثيرة (الـ fofoca حياة في البرازيل) أو تكتب ورقة أكاديمية رسمية، فإن كيفية استشهادك بالمصادر تحدد مدى طلاقتك.
في مستوى C1، ننتقل إلى ما هو أبعد من الأساسي ele disse que (قال إن) ونفتح كنزًا من «أفعال القول» (verbos dicendi) وتغيير الأزمنة بدقة. إنه الفرق بين أن تبدو كروبوت يقرأ نصًا وبين أن تكون راويًا متطورًا ينسج قصة.
كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة
الآلية الأساسية هنا هي النقل. أنت لا تكرر المعلومات فحسب؛ بل تعالجها وتقدمها من خطك الزمني الحالي. هذا ينطوي على ثلاثة تحولات رئيسية: الشخص (أنا يصبح هو/هي)، المكان (هنا يصبح هناك)، و الزمان (الآن يصبح حينها).
الجزء الأصعب للمتعلمين هو عادةً Concordância Temporal (تسلسل الأزمنة). إذا كان فعل القول في الماضي (مثلاً،
Ela afirmou...
- هي صرحت)، يجب أن يعود كل شيء داخل الاقتباس خطوة إلى الوراء في الماضي. إنه مثل منطق السفر عبر الزمن في الأفلام—غيّر شيئًا واحدًا في الخط الزمني، وسيتأثر كل شيء آخر.
نمط التكوين
لتحويل الكلام المباشر (Discurso Direto) إلى كلام غير مباشر (Discurso Indireto)، اتبع هذه القائمة الذهنية:
  1. 1اختر فعل قول: لا تستخدم فقط dizer (يقول). استخدم afirmar (يصرح)، indagar (يستفسر)، sugerir (يقترح)، garantir (يضمن)، أو negar (ينكر).
  2. 2أضف الرابط: عادةً que (أن) للجمل الخبرية، se (إذا) للأسئلة بنعم/لا، أو الإبقاء على كلمة الاستفهام (onde, como, quem) للأسئلة المفتوحة.
  3. 3غيّر الشخص: Eu عادةً يصبح ele/ela. Nós قد يصبح eles/elas.
  4. 4غيّر الزمن (العودة بالزمن):
  • Presente → Pretérito Imperfeito
  • Pretérito Perfeito → Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito (بسيط أو مركب)
  • Futuro do Presente → Futuro do Pretérito
  • Imperativo → Pretérito Imperfeito do Subjuntivo
  1. 1غيّر علامات الزمان والمكان: AquiLá/Ali؛ HojeNaquele dia؛ AmanhãNo dia seguinte.
متى تستخدمها
ستستخدم هذا باستمرار. في الصحافة، نادرًا ما يقتبس المراسلون الخطابات الكاملة مباشرة؛ بل يلخصونها باستخدام الكلام غير المباشر لتوفير المساحة. في الكتابة الأكاديمية، عبارات مثل Segundo o autor... (وفقًا للمؤلف...) أو Conforme demonstrado em... (كما هو موضح في...) إلزامية لتجنب السرقة الأدبية.
ولكن اجتماعيًا؟ هذا هو وسيلتك الأساسية لسرد القصص. إذا كنت تشتكي لخدمة العملاء (O atendente garantiu que o reembolso cairia hoje)، تناقش السياسة (O candidato prometeu que mudaria a lei)، أو مجرد الدردشة مع الأصدقاء (Ele me perguntou se eu queria sair)، فأنت تستخدم آليات الاقتباس.
إنه ضروري للإبلاغ عن الماضي دون إعادة تمثيله.
أخطاء شائعة
الخطأ الكلاسيكي هو الاحتفاظ بالزمن الأصلي عندما يكون الفعل الرئيسي في الماضي. إذا قال شخص ما Estou cansado (أنا متعب)، وقمت بنقل ذلك لاحقًا، لا يمكنك القول
Ele disse que *está* cansado
إلا إذا كان لا يزال متعبًا حرفيًا الآن بينما تتحدث. عادةً، يجب أن تقول
Ele disse que estava cansado
(قال إنه كان متعبًا).
خطأ شائع آخر هو نسيان تغيير الضمائر.
Ele disse que *meu* carro quebrou
(قال إن سيارتي تعطلت) تعني أن سيارتك *أنت* هي التي تعطلت. إذا كانت سيارته، يجب أن تقول
Ele disse que o carro *dele* tinha quebrado.
مقارنة مع أنماط مشابهة
قارن Discurso Direto (الكلام المباشر) مع Discurso Indireto Livre (الكلام غير المباشر الحر). الكلام المباشر يستخدم الشرطات (travessão) أو الاقتباسات: — Eu não aguento mais! — gritou ela. (— لم أعد أحتمل!
— صرخت). الكلام غير المباشر يدمجه: Ela gritou que não aguentava mais. لكن *الكلام غير المباشر الحر* هو أداة أدبية توجد في الروايات (مثل ساراماغو أو ماشادو دي أسيس) حيث يندمج صوت الراوي مع أفكار الشخصية دون علامات واضحة مثل «قالت إن». إنه مستوى متقدم، لكن معرفة الفرق يساعدك على تقدير الأدب البرتغالي عالي المستوى.
أسئلة شائعة سريعة
س: هل يمكنني استخدام الزمن الحاضر لنقل شيء قيل في الماضي؟
ج: نعم، ولكن فقط إذا كانت الحقيقة لا تزال صحيحة *الآن*.
Galileu disse que a Terra gira em torno do Sol
(قال غاليليو إن الأرض تدور حول الشمس). إنها حقيقة كونية.

Tense Backshifting Rules

Direct Speech Indirect Speech Example
Present
Imperfect
Eu como → Ele disse que comia
Perfect
Pluperfect
Eu comi → Ele disse que comera
Future
Conditional
Eu comerei → Ele disse que comeria
Imperative
Subjunctive
Coma! → Ele pediu que comesse
Present Continuous
Imperfect Continuous
Estou comendo → Ele disse que estava comendo

Meanings

Indirect speech is used to report the content of a statement, question, or command without quoting the speaker directly.

1

Reporting Statements

Relaying information using 'que'.

“Ela afirmou que estava cansada.”

“Eles disseram que viriam.”

2

Reporting Questions

Relaying inquiries using 'se' or interrogative pronouns.

“Ele perguntou se eu estava bem.”

“Ela quis saber onde eu morava.”

3

Reporting Commands

Relaying orders using the infinitive or subjunctive.

“Ele pediu que eu fizesse o relatório.”

“Ela ordenou que saíssemos.”

Reference Table

Reference table for الكلام غير المباشر وآليات الاقتباس (Disse que...)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Verb + que + Clause
Ele disse que viria.
Negative
Verb + que + não + Clause
Ele disse que não viria.
Yes/No Question
Verb + se + Clause
Ele perguntou se eu viria.
Wh- Question
Verb + Interrogative + Clause
Ele perguntou quando eu viria.
Command
Verb + para + Infinitive
Ele disse para eu vir.
Request
Verb + que + Subjunctive
Ele pediu que eu viesse.

طيف الرسمية

رسمي
O porta-voz declarou que as medidas seriam implementadas.

O porta-voz declarou que as medidas seriam implementadas. (News/Professional)

محايد
Ele disse que as medidas seriam implementadas.

Ele disse que as medidas seriam implementadas. (News/Professional)

غير رسمي
Ele falou que vão implementar as medidas.

Ele falou que vão implementar as medidas. (News/Professional)

عامية
Ele mandou a real que vão fazer isso.

Ele mandou a real que vão fazer isso. (News/Professional)

Indirect Speech Transformation

Direct Speech

Pronoun

  • Eu I

Verb

  • vou go

Time

  • hoje today

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Ele disse que gosta de café.

He said that he likes coffee.

2

Ela disse que está feliz.

She said that she is happy.

3

Ele disse que vai trabalhar.

He said that he is going to work.

4

Ela disse que não quer.

She said that she doesn't want to.

1

Ele disse que ia ao cinema.

He said he was going to the cinema.

2

Ela perguntou se eu estava ocupado.

She asked if I was busy.

3

Eles disseram que não podiam vir.

They said they couldn't come.

4

Ele disse que tinha comido.

He said he had eaten.

1

Ela afirmou que terminaria o projeto a tempo.

She stated that she would finish the project on time.

2

Ele perguntou o que eu faria na situação.

He asked what I would do in the situation.

3

Disseram-me que a reunião fora cancelada.

They told me the meeting had been canceled.

4

Ela pediu que eu enviasse o relatório.

She asked that I send the report.

1

O diretor declarou que a empresa não toleraria atrasos.

The director declared that the company would not tolerate delays.

2

Perguntaram-me se eu estivesse disposto a viajar.

They asked if I were willing to travel.

3

Ela mencionou que, caso pudesse, viria mais cedo.

She mentioned that, if she could, she would come earlier.

4

Informaram que as medidas seriam implementadas.

They informed that the measures would be implemented.

1

Ele argumentou que, se tivéssemos agido antes, o resultado teria sido outro.

He argued that if we had acted sooner, the result would have been different.

2

Ela ressaltou que, embora o cenário fosse incerto, a estratégia permanecia válida.

She highlighted that, although the scenario was uncertain, the strategy remained valid.

3

Disseram que, caso a proposta fosse aceita, eles assinariam o contrato.

They said that if the proposal were accepted, they would sign the contract.

4

Ele questionou se, de fato, a decisão fora tomada pelo conselho.

He questioned whether the decision had indeed been taken by the board.

1

O autor sustentou que a obra refletia as angústias de uma geração inteira.

The author maintained that the work reflected the anxieties of an entire generation.

2

Foi-nos comunicado que, sob nenhuma circunstância, a decisão seria revogada.

It was communicated to us that, under no circumstances, would the decision be revoked.

3

Ele indagou se, porventura, teríamos considerado as implicações éticas.

He inquired whether we had, by chance, considered the ethical implications.

4

A nota oficial reiterou que o governo não cederia a pressões externas.

The official note reiterated that the government would not yield to external pressures.

سهل الخلط

Indirect Speech & Citation Mechanisms (Disse que...) مقابل Direct vs Indirect Speech

Learners mix up the punctuation and tense rules.

Indirect Speech & Citation Mechanisms (Disse que...) مقابل Que vs Se

Learners use 'que' for all reported questions.

Indirect Speech & Citation Mechanisms (Disse que...) مقابل Dizer vs Falar

Learners use them interchangeably without considering register.

أخطاء شائعة

Ele disse que eu sou feliz.

Ele disse que era feliz.

Failed to backshift tense.

Ele disse que eu vou.

Ele disse que ia.

Failed to adjust tense.

Ele disse que eu estou aqui.

Ele disse que estava lá.

Failed to adjust location/time.

Ele disse que ele disse.

Ele disse que tinha dito.

Incorrect tense sequence.

Ele perguntou que eu quero.

Ele perguntou o que eu queria.

Missing interrogative pronoun.

Ela disse que eu venho.

Ela disse que eu viria.

Future tense error.

Ele disse que não sabe.

Ele disse que não sabia.

Tense mismatch.

Ele pediu que eu faço.

Ele pediu que eu fizesse.

Subjunctive needed.

Ele disse que teria ido se ele sabe.

Ele disse que teria ido se soubesse.

Conditional sequence.

Ela disse que amanhã ela vai.

Ela disse que no dia seguinte ela iria.

Time marker shift.

Ele disse que, se ele teria tempo, ele faria.

Ele disse que, se tivesse tempo, faria.

Conditional clause error.

Foi dito que a decisão é final.

Foi dito que a decisão era final.

Tense shift in passive.

Ele perguntou se eu teria feito se eu soubesse.

Ele perguntou se eu teria feito se soubesse.

Redundant pronoun.

Ela afirmou que a economia cresce.

Ela afirmou que a economia crescia.

Tense shift.

أنماط الجُمل

Ele disse que ___ ___ .

Ela perguntou se ___ ___ .

Eles afirmaram que ___ ___ ___ .

O diretor declarou que, se ___, ___ .

Real World Usage

Job Interview very common

O recrutador perguntou se eu tinha experiência.

Social Media common

Ela disse que não ia postar nada.

Texting constant

Ele disse que tá chegando.

News Report very common

O ministro afirmou que a economia cresceria.

Food Delivery occasional

O entregador disse que estava no prédio.

Academic Paper common

O autor sustenta que os dados são inconclusivos.

💬

Fofoca Culture

Brazilians love a good story. Using 'diz que' (it is said/rumor has it) is a common way to introduce gossip without taking responsibility for the truth!
🎯

Avoiding Repetition

In essays, never use 'disse' twice in the same paragraph. Swap it for 'afirmou', 'mencionou', or 'ressaltou' to sound more educated.
⚠️

The 'Tu' Trap

If you report a sentence using 'tu' (informal you), remember to switch the verb agreement if you change it to 'ele/ela' in the report. 'Tu vais' → 'Ele disse que ia'.

Smart Tips

Change the future tense to the conditional.

Ele disse: 'Eu farei isso'. Ele disse que faria aquilo.

Use 'se' instead of 'que'.

Ele perguntou que eu ia. Ele perguntou se eu ia.

Use the imperfect subjunctive.

Ele pediu que eu faço. Ele pediu que eu fizesse.

Shift 'hoje' to 'naquele dia'.

Ele disse que estava ocupado hoje. Ele disse que estava ocupado naquele dia.

النطق

diz-que-es-TA-va-FELIZ

Intonation

Indirect speech usually has a neutral, falling intonation at the end of the sentence.

Reporting Question

Ele perguntou se eu es-TA-va-BEM?

Rising intonation on the reported question part.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Backshift the tense, flip the pronoun, and change the time to stay in line.

ربط بصري

Imagine a mirror. The original speaker is on one side, and you are reporting it on the other. Everything is flipped (pronouns) and pushed further away (tenses).

Rhyme

When you report what someone said, shift the tense to the past instead.

Story

Maria said, 'I am tired.' I tell John, 'Maria said she was tired.' John tells Sarah, 'Maria said she had been tired.'

Word Web

dissequeseperguntouafirmoutinhaestava

تحدٍّ

Take three sentences from a news article and rewrite them as indirect speech.

ملاحظات ثقافية

In Brazil, 'falar' is often used instead of 'dizer' in informal speech.

In Portugal, 'dizer' is preferred even in semi-formal contexts.

In academic writing, reporting verbs like 'sustentar', 'argumentar', and 'reiterar' are preferred.

Derived from Latin 'dicere' (to say).

بدايات محادثة

O que o seu chefe disse sobre o projeto?

O que você disse para ela ontem?

O que os especialistas dizem sobre a economia?

O que você perguntou ao professor?

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

Escreva sobre uma conversa difícil que você teve. O que a outra pessoa disse?
Resuma uma notícia que você leu hoje.
Como você explicaria uma ordem que recebeu para um colega?
Relate o que um amigo disse sobre os planos dele para o futuro.

أخطاء شائعة

Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct tense.

Ele disse que ___ (ir) à festa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift to imperfect.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela disse que eu sou feliz.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift required.
Choose the correct reporting word. اختيار متعدد

Ele perguntou ___ eu queria café.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Yes/no question uses 'se'.
Transform to indirect speech. Sentence Transformation

Eu disse: 'Eu vou amanhã'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Shift tense and time marker.
Is this correct? True False Rule

Ele disse que não sabia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct backshift.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: 'Eu estou cansado.' B: 'Ele disse que ___.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift.
Order the words. Sentence Building

que / disse / ele / viria / ele

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct syntax.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Ele disse que ___ (fazer) o trabalho.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Future becomes conditional.

Score: /8

تمارين تطبيقية

8 exercises
Fill in the correct tense.

Ele disse que ___ (ir) à festa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift to imperfect.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela disse que eu sou feliz.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift required.
Choose the correct reporting word. اختيار متعدد

Ele perguntou ___ eu queria café.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Yes/no question uses 'se'.
Transform to indirect speech. Sentence Transformation

Eu disse: 'Eu vou amanhã'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Shift tense and time marker.
Is this correct? True False Rule

Ele disse que não sabia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct backshift.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: 'Eu estou cansado.' B: 'Ele disse que ___.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Backshift.
Order the words. Sentence Building

que / disse / ele / viria / ele

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct syntax.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Ele disse que ___ (fazer) o trabalho.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Future becomes conditional.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Report the question: 'Você está bem?' املأ الفراغ

Ele perguntou se eu ___ bem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: estava
Match the direct speech time marker to its indirect equivalent. Match Pairs

Match the pairs

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Hoje : Naquele dia","Amanh\u00e3 : No dia seguinte","Ontem : No dia anterior","Agora : Naquele momento"]
Reorder the words to form a correct indirect citation. Sentence Reorder

disse / que / Ela / não / viria / festa / à

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela disse que não viria à festa
Which reporting verb is most formal? اختيار متعدد

Choose the most appropriate verb for an academic paper:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O autor argumenta que...
Correct the pronoun usage. Error Correction

João disse: 'Estou doente'. → João disse que estou doente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: João disse que ele estava doente.
Translate into Portuguese Indirect Speech. الترجمة

He said he would call later.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que ligaria mais tarde.
Complete with the correct connector. املأ الفراغ

Não sei ___ ele vai vir ou não.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se
Choose the correct transformation for the Imperative 'Fale baixo!'. اختيار متعدد

Ela pediu que...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: falássemos baixo.
Match the reporting verb to its nuance. Match Pairs

Match the verb to meaning

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Indagar : Ask\/Inquire","Retrucar : Retort\/Reply angrily","Sussurrar : Whisper","Garantir : Guarantee\/Assure"]
Fix the place marker. Error Correction

Eu estava em Paris. Ela disse que adorava estar aqui.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela disse que adorava estar lá.
Reconstruct the formal citation. Sentence Reorder

dados / indicam / Os / tendência / uma / que / nova

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os dados indicam que há uma nova tendência
Report the Past Perfect sentence. املأ الفراغ

Direct: 'Eu já tinha comido.' → Indirect: Ele disse que já ___ comido.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tinha

Score: /12

الأسئلة الشائعة (8)

If the original statement is still true, you can keep the present tense, but backshifting is safer and more formal.

Only if it's a 'wh-' question (e.g., 'Ele perguntou o que eu queria'). For yes/no, use 'se'.

When reporting commands or requests (e.g., 'Ele pediu que eu fizesse').

Not at all, but it's more informal than 'dizer'.

Change it to 'no dia seguinte' or 'no dia posterior'.

You don't need to change the pronoun, but you still shift the tense.

The grammar is identical, but vocabulary preferences (falar vs dizer) vary.

Because it requires mastery of tense sequences and the subjunctive, which are advanced skills.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Decir que...

Portuguese uses more personal infinitive in reported commands.

French high

Dire que...

French uses 'si' for yes/no questions, similar to Portuguese 'se'.

German moderate

Sagen, dass...

German changes the mood, not just the tense.

Japanese low

...to itta

Japanese does not backshift tenses in the same way.

Arabic moderate

Qala anna...

Arabic tense sequence is less rigid than Portuguese.

Chinese low

Shuo...

No backshifting required because there is no conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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