A1 Present Tense 19 min read 简单

现在时：规则 -IR 动词 (Abrir, Decidir)

变位其实很简单！规则的 -IR 动词变位和 -ER 动词几乎一模一样，唯一的区别是 Nós 要用 -imos。记住这四个变位尾缀：«-o», «-es/-e», -imos, -em。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

To conjugate regular -ir verbs, remove the -ir and add the endings: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -is, -em.

  • Drop the -ir from the infinitive: 'partir' becomes 'part-'.
  • Add the correct ending for the subject: 'Eu parto'.
  • Note that 'nós' uses -imos and 'vós' uses -is.
Stem + (-o, -es, -e, -imos, -is, -em)

Overview

### Overview
你好！很高兴能带你一起探索葡萄牙语的动词世界。作为一名中文母语者，学习葡萄牙语时最让你感到“头疼”的可能就是动词变位了。在中文里，我们说“我开门”、“他开门”、“我们开门”，动词“开”永远不变，不管主语是谁，也不管时间是现在还是过去。但在葡萄牙语中，动词就像是一个会变身的“变形金刚”，它会根据主语（谁做的动作）和时态（什么时候做的）发生改变。
葡萄牙语的动词按结尾分为三类：-ar、-er 和 -ir。如果你已经掌握了前两类，那么恭喜你，-ir 结尾的动词（比如 abrir 开、partir 出发、decidir 决定）就是你拼图的最后一块。这些词非常常用，比如你在咖啡厅想说“我开门”，或者在机场说“我们出发”，都离不开它们。虽然变位看起来很复杂，但其实它们非常有规律。对于我们习惯了中文这种“孤立语”（动词不随主语变化）的思维方式来说，这确实是一个巨大的跨越，但只要掌握了规律，你会发现这其实就是一种逻辑游戏，比死记硬背简单得多。
### How This Grammar Works
在中文语法中，我们通过增加时间状语（如“昨天”、“现在”）来表达时态，通过主语（如“我”、“他们”）来确定动作的执行者。但在葡萄牙语中，动词本身就包含了这些信息。这就好比一个“集成包”，动词词尾的变化已经告诉了你：谁在做动作？是现在做还是过去做？
-ir 动词的变位逻辑是：找到词干（去掉 -ir），然后根据主语加上特定的词尾。这与中文的“词汇 + 助词”结构完全不同。中文里我们说“我们决定”，动词“决定”保持原样；葡萄牙语里则是 nós decidimos，词尾的 -imos 就是“我们”和“现在时”的标志。这种“词尾变化”在中文里是不存在的。你需要把动词看作一个由“根”（词干）和“叶”（词尾）组成的树，根是不变的，叶子会随着季节（主语）而变色。一旦你记住了这套规则，你就能像搭积木一样，把任何 -ir 动词用得得心应手。
### Formation Pattern
conjugating partir (出发) 的步骤如下：
  1. 1找到原型：partir
  2. 2去掉词尾 -ir，得到词干：part-
  3. 3加上对应的人称词尾：
| 主语 | 词干 | 词尾 | 变位结果 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eu | part- | -o | parto | 我出发 |
| Tu | part- | -es | partes | 你(非正式)出发 |
| Você/Ele/Ela | part- | -e | parte | 您/他/她出发 |
| Nós | part- | -imos | partimos | 我们出发 |
| Vocês/Eles/Elas | part- | -em | partem | 你们/他们出发 |
记住这个口诀：-o, -es, -e, -imos, -em。这是你打开 -ir 动词大门的钥匙。对于 decidir，你只需要把 part- 换成 decid-，结果就是 decido, decides, decide, decidimos, decidem。是不是很简单！
### When To Use It
-ir 动词的现在时主要用于以下场景：
  • 描述当下的动作：Eu abro a porta.（我正在开门/我开门）。
  • 描述习惯与常规：Nós partimos para o trabalho às 8h.（我们八点出发去上班）。这是一种规律性的生活节奏。
  • 描述客观事实：A loja abre às nove.（商店九点开门）。这是不变的营业规则。
  • 表示近期计划：Eles partem amanhã.（他们明天出发）。在口语中，用现在时加时间状语可以表示明确的将来。
对比中文，中文里我们需要加“每天”、“明天”来区分，而葡萄牙语即便不加时间词，动词本身也已经暗示了这是一种常态或事实。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1Nós 形式的误用：这是最常见的错误。很多同学习惯了 -er 动词（如 comer -> comemos），会错误地写成 *abremos*。记住，-ir 动词在 nós 形式下，词尾必须是 -imos，这是它与 -er 动词唯一的重大区别。
  2. 2词干改变（元音转换）：有些动词如 dormir (睡觉)，虽然是 -ir 动词，但第一人称 eu 会变形成 durmo 而不是 dormo。这是因为在发音上 o 变成 u 更自然。这是语言演变中的“懒人法则”，为了发音顺口。
  3. 3词尾发音混淆：eles partem 结尾的 -em 是鼻化音。很多中文母语者会读成“em”的拼音，但实际上它带有鼻音，听起来像“aing”。发音不到位会让人听起来像是在读单词而非句子。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
为了让你更清楚，我们将 -er 和 -ir 动词做个对比：
| 人称 | -er 动词 (comer) | -ir 动词 (partir) | 差异点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eu | como | parto | 几乎一样 |
| Tu | comes | partes | 几乎一样 |
| Você/Ele | come | parte | 几乎一样 |
| Nós | comemos | partimos | 关键差异 |
| Eles | comem | partem | 几乎一样 |
可以看出，除了 nós 形式，其他形式几乎是一模一样的。所以你只需要重点记忆 nós 形式，就能同时掌握两类动词！
### Quick FAQ
Q1: 为什么有时候我看到 abro 有时候是 abrir？
A: abrir 是动词原形（就像中文的“开”），abro 是变位后的形式（表示“我开”）。就像中文里我们说“我要开门”，这里用原形；“我开门”，这里用变位。
Q2: 我一定要记住所有人称的变位吗？
A: 是的，在葡萄牙语里，动词变位是句子的灵魂。如果你说错了变位，本地人虽然能猜到，但听起来会很奇怪，就像外国人说中文“我吃苹果”说成了“我吃苹果们”。
Q3: 有没有什么记忆技巧？
A: 尝试把动词变位写在便利贴上，贴在你的电脑或冰箱上。每天念三遍 parto, partes, parte, partimos, partem。你会发现，一旦形成肌肉记忆，你就不需要思考规则，而是直接脱口而出了！

Conjugation of 'Abrir' (To Open)

Pronoun Ending Verb Form
Eu
-o
abro
Tu
-es
abres
Você/Ele/Ela
-e
abre
Nós
-imos
abrimos
Vós
-is
abris
Vocês/Eles/Elas
-em
abrem

Meanings

The present indicative is used to describe habitual actions, general truths, or events happening right now for verbs ending in -ir.

1

Habitual Action

Actions performed regularly.

“Eu divido o lanche.”

“Ela parte cedo.”

2

Current State

Describing a state or immediate action.

“Eu abro a janela.”

“Ele assiste ao filme.”

3

General Truth

Facts that are always true.

“A vida parte o coração.”

“O sol assiste ao mundo.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 现在时：规则 -IR 动词 (Abrir, Decidir)
代词 词尾 例子 (Partir - 离开/出发) 中文翻译
Eu
-o
Parto
我出发
Tu
-es
Partes
你出发 (非正式)
Você/Ele/Ela
-e
Parte
您/他/她出发
Nós
-imos
Partimos
我们出发
Vocês/Eles/Elas
-em
Partem
你们/他们/她们出发
常见例外
词干变化
Eu durmo (Dormir)
我睡觉

正式程度

正式
Eu abro a porta.

Eu abro a porta. (Daily life)

中性
Eu abro a porta.

Eu abro a porta. (Daily life)

非正式
Abro a porta.

Abro a porta. (Daily life)

俚语
Tô abrindo a porta.

Tô abrindo a porta. (Daily life)

IR 动词结构解析

PARTIR

词干

  • PART- 保持不变的根基

词尾

  • -o / -es / -e 单数形式
  • -imos / -em 复数形式

“我们”的大比拼：ER vs IR

-ER 动词 (Comer)
Comemos 我们吃 (-emos)
-IR 动词 (Abrir)
Abrimos 我们开 (-imos)

如何进行规则 -IR 动词变位

1

主语是 'Eu' (我) 吗？

YES
加 -o (Eu abro)
NO
看下一步
2

主语是 'Nós' (我们) 吗？

YES
加 -imos (Nós abrimos)
NO
看下一步
3

是复数吗 (Eles/Vocês)？

YES
加 -em (Eles abrem)
NO ↓

常用的规则 -IR 动词

🏠

日常动作

  • • Abrir (开)
  • • Partir (离开)
  • • Dividir (分享/平分)
🗣️

社交与观点

  • • Discutir (争论)
  • • Insistir (坚持)
  • • Decidir (决定)
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按水平分级的例句

1

Eu abro a porta.

I open the door.

2

Você parte hoje?

Are you leaving today?

3

Nós dividimos o bolo.

We share the cake.

4

Eles admitem o erro.

They admit the mistake.

1

Eu não assisto a filmes de terror.

I don't watch horror movies.

2

Ela decide o que comer.

She decides what to eat.

3

Nós partimos às oito.

We leave at eight.

4

Eles abrem a loja cedo.

They open the store early.

1

Eu insisto em falar português.

I insist on speaking Portuguese.

2

Você permite a entrada?

Do you allow entry?

3

Nós discutimos o projeto.

We discuss the project.

4

Eles transferem o dinheiro.

They transfer the money.

1

Eu não concebo uma vida sem música.

I cannot conceive of a life without music.

2

Ela adverte sobre os riscos.

She warns about the risks.

3

Nós refletimos sobre as mudanças.

We reflect on the changes.

4

Eles convertem os dados.

They convert the data.

1

Eu submeto o relatório ao diretor.

I submit the report to the director.

2

Ele se desmente diante das provas.

He contradicts himself in the face of evidence.

3

Nós repartimos os lucros igualmente.

We distribute the profits equally.

4

Eles se divertem com a situação.

They find the situation amusing.

1

Eu não me permito falhar.

I do not permit myself to fail.

2

Ela intervém na discussão.

She intervenes in the discussion.

3

Nós pressentimos o perigo.

We sense the danger.

4

Eles se ressentem da decisão.

They resent the decision.

容易混淆

Present Tense: Regular -IR Verbs (Opening & Deciding) 对比 -er vs -ir verbs

They look similar in the infinitive.

Present Tense: Regular -IR Verbs (Opening & Deciding) 对比 Tu vs Você

Different endings for second person.

Present Tense: Regular -IR Verbs (Opening & Deciding) 对比 Present vs Past

Similar stems.

常见错误

✗

Eu abro-ir

✓

Eu abro

Don't keep the -ir.
✗

Nós abremos

✓

Nós abrimos

Use -imos for -ir verbs.
✗

Ele abris

✓

Ele abre

Third person singular is -e.
✗

Eles abrem

✓

Eles abrem

Correct, but watch for spelling.
✗

Eu partimos

✓

Eu parto

Wrong pronoun ending.
✗

Você partem

✓

Você parte

Singular vs plural.
✗

Nós partem

✓

Nós partimos

Wrong conjugation.
✗

Eu assisto-o

✓

Eu assisto

Redundant pronoun.
✗

Nós decidimos

✓

Nós decidimos

Correct, but check context.
✗

Eles permitem

✓

Eles permitem

Correct.
✗

Eu submeto-me

✓

Eu me submeto

Reflexive placement.
✗

Eles se divertem

✓

Eles se divertem

Correct.
✗

Nós repartimos

✓

Nós repartimos

Correct.

句型

Eu ___ a porta.

Nós ___ o bolo.

Você ___ o filme?

Eles ___ cedo.

Real World Usage

Social Media constant

Eu assisto a vídeos.

Texting very common

Já abro.

Job Interview common

Eu decido as metas.

Travel common

Nós partimos às 10.

Food Delivery occasional

Eu divido a conta.

Email common

Permito o acesso.

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🎯

“我们”的小窍门

如果你分不清该用 -emos 还是 -imos，就看动词原形！ComER 对应 ComEmos，而 AbrIR 对应
Nós abrimos a porta.
⚠️

小心“假朋友”

'Assistir' 看起来像英文的 assist，但在葡语里它通常指“看”电视或电影。想说“帮助”请用
Eu ajudo o meu amigo.
💬

巴西人的口语习惯

在巴西口语中，大家很少说 'Nós abrimos'，更爱说 'A gente abre'。它的变位和单数一样，但意思却是“我们”！

Smart Tips

Look for the -imos ending for 'nós'.

Nós partemos. → Nós partimos.

Always check the subject.

Eu parte. → Eu parto.

Focus on the last syllable.

Eu abro. → Eu abro.

Identify the infinitive.

Eles abrem. → Eles abrem (abrir).

发音

a-BRO

Vowel stress

The stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable.

Question

Você abre? ↑

Rising intonation for yes/no questions.

记住它

记忆技巧

Remember the 'O-ES-E-IMOS-IS-EM' rhythm like a drum beat.

视觉联想

Imagine a door (abrir) with six handles, each labeled with the ending.

Rhyme

O, es, e, imos, is, em, the -ir verbs are fun for them!

Story

I open (abro) the book, you open (abres) the door, we open (abrimos) our hearts.

Word Web

AbrirPartirDividirAssistirDecidirPermitir

挑战

Conjugate three -ir verbs in your head while walking to the store.

文化笔记

People often use 'a gente' instead of 'nós'.

The 'vós' form is still used in formal contexts.

Standard Portuguese is used, similar to Brazil.

Derived from Latin third conjugation -ire verbs.

对话开场白

“

Você abre a janela?

“

Nós decidimos o destino?

“

Você assiste a séries?

“

Eles partem hoje?

日记主题

Write about your morning routine.
Describe a decision you made today.
What do you watch on TV?
How do you share tasks at work?

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

用 'decidir' 的正确形式填空。

Eu ___ qual restaurante vamos. (我决定去哪家餐厅。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: decido
因为主语是 'Eu' (我)，所以词尾要用 '-o'。
哪句话在语法上是正确的？ 多项选择

选择“我们拆礼物”的正确翻译。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós abrimos os presentes.
对于像 'abrir' 这样的 -ir 动词，'Nós' 的词尾永远是 '-imos'，而不是 '-emos'。
找出动词词尾的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Eles partim o pão na mesa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eles partem o pão na mesa.
规则 -ir 动词的第三人称复数 (Eles) 词尾应该是 '-em'。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Eu ___ a porta.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: abro
Eu takes -o.
Choose the correct form. 多项选择

Nós ___ o bolo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dividimos
Nós takes -imos.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ele partimos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele parte
Ele takes -e.
Reorder the sentence. Sentence Reorder

a / abro / Eu / porta

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu abro a porta
Subject-Verb-Object.
Translate to Portuguese. 翻译

I decide.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu decido
Eu takes -o.
Conjugate 'assistir' for 'Eles'. Conjugation Drill

Eles ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: assistem
Eles takes -em.
Match the pronoun to the ending. Match Pairs

Nós - ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: -imos
Nós uses -imos.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Você abre? B: Sim, eu ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: abro
Eu takes -o.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
请变位动词 'assistir' (看)。 填空

Nós ___ ao jogo de futebol. (我们看足球比赛。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: assistimos
匹配代词和动词 'dividir' 的正确形式。 Match Pairs

将代词与正确的变位匹配。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Eu -> divido","Voc\u00ea -> divide","N\u00f3s -> dividimos","Eles -> dividem"]
将单词排列成正确的句子。 Sentence Reorder

garante / O / o / gerente / preço.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O gerente garante o preço.
选择 'Tu' (非正式你) 的正确形式。 多项选择

Tu ___ a porta? (你开门吗？)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: abres
将 'I insist' 翻译成葡萄牙语。 翻译

“我坚持”怎么说？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu insisto
修正这句话中的动词错误。 Error Correction

A gente partimos o bolo agora.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A gente parte o bolo agora.
用 'discutir' 完成句子。 填空

Eles ___ sobre futebol todo dia. (他们每天都争论足球。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: discutem
辨别正确的 'Nós' 形式。 多项选择

哪组变位是正确的？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós escrevemos (from escrever) e nós abrimos (from abrir).
将 'Ela permite' 翻译成英文或理解其含义。 翻译

翻译：'Ela permite'。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She allows
变位动词 'imprimir' (打印)。 填空

Eu ___ o documento agora. (我正在打印文件。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: imprimo

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

It's a historical remnant of the Latin conjugation.

Yes, but it's informal.

No, some like 'ir' are irregular.

Try to guess based on the pattern.

It's neutral in Brazil.

Add 'não' before the verb.

Mostly, but 'vós' is used.

A few hours of practice.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

abrir

The 'nós' form is -imos in both.

French moderate

ouvrir

Portuguese is more regular.

German low

öffnen

German has more irregular verbs.

Japanese low

akeru

No person-based conjugation.

Arabic low

yaftahu

Arabic is triconsonantal.

Chinese none

dakai

No verb conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
葡萄牙语 -ER 动词：现在时 (comer, beber)
Next
“黏人”的动词：Gostar（喜欢）

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B1 Requires

表达希望与怀疑：规则 -ir 动词 (Subjuntivo)

Overview 你是否曾觉得生活在“也许”或“但愿”的世界里？这就是现在虚拟式（Present Subjunctive）的氛围... (保留英文标题的完整...

Related Grammar Rules

A1

葡萄牙语 -ER 动词：现在时 (comer, beber)

### Overview 你好！欢迎来到葡萄牙语的学习世界。作为一名母语为中文的老师，我非常理解你在学习葡萄牙语时会遇到的挑战。在中...
A1

葡萄牙语动词 SER：你是谁（永久性的“是”）

### Overview 你好！欢迎来到葡萄牙语的世界。作为一名母语为中文的老师，我非常理解你在学习葡萄牙语时遇到的挑战。在葡萄牙语...
A1

葡萄牙语动词 'Ter' (拥有/年龄)

Overview In Portuguese, the verb `ter` is foundational, much like "to have" in English. However, its usage extends signi...
A1

动词 'Fazer'：做与制造

Overview The Portuguese verb `fazer` is a fundamental and highly versatile verb, serving as the equivalent of both "to d...
A1

表达年龄：我“有”多少岁 (Ter + Anos)

Overview Expressing age in Portuguese fundamentally differs from English, reflecting a distinct linguistic conceptualiza...
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