B1 · 中級 チャプター 17

Respectful Speech and Basic Quotes

4 トータルルール
41 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of respectful Korean speech and indirect communication with ease.

  • Elevate your subject particles to show deep cultural respect.
  • Identify objects and introduce people using natural quoting patterns.
  • Relay messages and gossip accurately using indirect speech.
Speak with respect, share with confidence.

学べること

Ready to level up your Korean and sound truly natural? This chapter is your secret weapon for navigating conversations with respect and confidence. You’ll dive deep into two essential honorific particles: 께서 (the polite version of 이/가) and 께 (the respectful alternative to 한테). Mastering these isn't just about grammar; it's about showing deep respect to elders, teachers, or your boss – a fundamental part of Korean culture that will instantly make your speech more authentic and appreciated. But we're not stopping there! You’ll also unlock the power of indirect speech. First, with (이)라고 하다, you’ll learn how to smoothly introduce yourself, politely state someone’s role, or name objects in a natural, conversational way. Imagine confidently introducing a new colleague to your Korean friends! Then, we tackle ㄴ/는다고 하다, which lets you report what others have said, thought, or even gossiped about – perfect for sharing stories or recounting advice. By the end, you won't just know the rules; you'll be able to speak with an intermediate fluency that honors Korean customs and makes your interactions richer and more meaningful. Let's make your Korean sound effortlessly polite and expressive!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use honorific particles to address elders and superiors.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Accurately report what others have said in formal contexts.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Ready to elevate your Korean grammar and speak with genuine respect and confidence? Welcome to a pivotal B1 chapter that unlocks the nuances of polite and indirect communication. In Korean culture, showing deference is paramount, and mastering honorifics isn't just about grammar rules; it's about connecting authentically.
This chapter introduces you to essential particles like 께서, the polite form of 이/가, and 께, the respectful alternative to 한테/에게. These are your secret weapons for addressing elders, teachers, or superiors, instantly making your speech more natural and appreciated. Beyond honorifics, you'll dive into indirect speech, starting with (이)라고 하다 for smooth introductions and naming, then moving to ㄴ/는다고 하다 to report what others have said or thought.
By the end, you won't just understand these concepts; you'll be able to wield them, transforming your Korean into a more sophisticated and culturally aware form of expression. This is a crucial step in achieving true intermediate fluency.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces four powerful tools to refine your Korean grammar at the B1 level. First up are the honorific particles. 께서 is the honorific subject particle, replacing 이/가 when the subject of your sentence is someone deserving of respect, like an elder, a teacher, or a superior.
For example, instead of «선생님이 오셨어요» (The teacher came), you'd say
선생님께서 오셨어요
(The teacher came, *respectfully*). Similarly, 께 is the honorific dative particle, replacing 한테/에게 when the indirect object of your sentence is someone you want to show respect to. So, you'd say
할머니께 편지를 썼어요
(I wrote a letter to grandmother, *respectfully*), rather than «할머니한테 편지를 썼어요.»
Next, we explore ways to quote and report speech. (이)라고 하다 is a versatile expression used for quoting nouns or introducing names. You attach -이라고 하다 if the noun ends in a consonant (like 선생님이라고 하다 – to be called a teacher) and -라고 하다 if it ends in a vowel (like 김민수라고 하다 – to be called Kim Minsu).
This is perfect for introductions:
저는 제임스라고 합니다
(My name is James). Lastly, ㄴ/는다고 하다 is your go-to for reporting what someone else *said* or *thought* (indirect speech) for verbs and adjectives. The form changes based on the type of word and tense.
For present tense action verbs, use -는다고 하다 (e.g.,
친구가 내일 온다고 했어요
– My friend said they would come tomorrow). For present tense descriptive verbs/adjectives, use -다고 하다 (e.g.,
날씨가 춥다고 합니다
– They say the weather is cold). For past tense, it's -았/었다고 하다 (e.g.,
선생님이 숙제를 다 했다고 하셨어요
– The teacher said they had finished the homework).
Mastering these allows you to share information gracefully.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «할머니가 오셨어요.»
✓ Correct:
할머니께서 오셨어요.
*Explanation:* When referring to an elder or someone deserving of high respect as the subject of a sentence, you must use the honorific subject particle 께서 instead of the standard 이/가.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «사장님에게 보고서를 제출했어요.»
✓ Correct:
사장님께 보고서를 제출했어요.
*Explanation:* For the indirect object (the recipient of an action) who is a superior or deserves respect, the honorific dative particle 께 should be used instead of 한테 or 에게.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «이것은 카메라라고 합니다.»
✓ Correct:
이것은 카메라라고 합니다.
*Explanation:* When using (이)라고 하다 to state what something is called, if the noun ends in a vowel, you attach -라고 하다. If it ends in a consonant, you attach -이라고 하다. In this case, «카메라» ends in a vowel.

Real Conversations

A

A

안녕하세요, 이분은 누구라고 하세요? (Hello, what is this person called?)
B

B

안녕하세요! 이분은 김 선생님이라고 하십니다. 제 한국어 선생님이세요. (Hello! This person is called Teacher Kim. She is my Korean teacher.)
A

A

어머니께서 뭐라고 하셨어요? (What did your mother say?)
B

B

어머니께서 날씨가 많이 춥다고 하셨어요. 따뜻하게 입으래요. (My mother said the weather is very cold. She told me to dress warmly.)
A

A

할아버지께 생신 선물을 드렸어요? (Did you give a birthday present to grandfather?)
B

B

네, 어제 할아버지께 직접 드렸어요. 할아버지께서 정말 좋아하셨어요. (Yes, I gave it to grandfather directly yesterday. Grandfather really liked it.)

Quick FAQ

Q

Can I use 께서 for my friends or younger siblings?

No, 께서 is strictly for individuals you need to show high respect to, such as elders, teachers, or superiors. Using it for friends or younger people would sound unnatural or even sarcastic.

Q

What's the main difference between 한테 and 께?

Both mean to or from (in some contexts), but 께 is the honorific form used when the recipient of the action is someone you respect. 한테 is used for people of equal or lower status, or informally.

Q

How do I use (이)라고 하다 to introduce myself in a formal setting?

You would say

저는 [Your Name]이라고 합니다.
For example,
저는 이민준이라고 합니다.
The -습니다/ㅂ니다 ending makes it formal.

Q

Does ㄴ/는다고 하다 change based on politeness levels?

Yes, the 하다 part of ㄴ/는다고 하다 will change according to the politeness level you're using. For example, «한다고 해요» (polite), «한다고 합니다» (formal polite), «한다고 해» (informal). The reported part (ㄴ/는다고) remains the same.

Cultural Context

Mastering honorifics like 께서 and 께, alongside indirect speech, is foundational for navigating Korean social dynamics. In a culture deeply rooted in hierarchy and respect for elders and authority, using these forms correctly is not just good Korean grammar; it's a sign of good manners and cultural understanding. Failing to use honorifics when appropriate can be perceived as rude or disrespectful, while using them correctly instantly builds rapport.
Indirect speech (ㄴ/는다고 하다, (이)라고 하다) also plays a role in softening statements or relaying information without being overly direct, which can be a valuable communication strategy in many situations. It demonstrates a level of social awareness that will make your interactions richer and more meaningful.

重要な例文 (8)

1

`할머니께서` 공원에 가세요.

おばあちゃんが公園に行かれます。

尊敬の主語：께서（이/가 の敬語版）
2

`선생님께서` 숙제를 내주셨어요.

先生が宿題を出されました。

尊敬の主語：께서（이/가 の敬語版）
3

I wrote a letter to my grandmother.

おばあちゃんに手紙を書きました。

尊敬の助詞「〜に」 (께)
4

I sent the report to the CEO.

社長に報告書を送りました。

尊敬の助詞「〜に」 (께)
5

제 이름은 `지민이라고 해요`.

私の名前はジミンと言います。

自己紹介と名詞の引用 (이/라고 하다)
6

이 음식은 `비빔밥이라고 합니다`.

この料理はビビンバと言います。

自己紹介と名詞の引用 (이/라고 하다)
7

민수는 오늘 바쁘다고 해요.

ミンスは今日忙しいと言っています。

「〜と言っていました」：間接話法 (ㄴ/는다고 하다)
8

제니가 한국에 간다고 했어요.

ジェニーが韓国に行くと言っていました。

「〜と言っていました」：間接話法 (ㄴ/는다고 하다)

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

自分への尊敬はNG！

自分の名前や「私」の後に «께서» を使うと、自分を王様のように扱っているようで凄く不自然です。 «제가 밥을 먹어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 尊敬の主語：께서（이/가 の敬語版）
💡

動詞とのセット使い

«께» を使ったら、脳内で自動的に謙譲語（드리다, 여쭙다など）を探す癖をつけましょう。 «부모님께 용돈을 드렸어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 尊敬の助詞「〜に」 (께)
🎯

ネイティブっぽく自己紹介しよう

«제 이름은 X예요» も間違いではありませんが、«제 이름은 X라고 해요» と言う方が、より謙虚で社交的な響きになります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 自己紹介と名詞の引用 (이/라고 하다)
🎯

便利な短縮形「대요」

実際の会話の9割は「ㄴ/는다고 해요」を「ㄴ/는대요」と短くして話します。こっちの方がずっと自然で楽ですよ！: «친구가 한국에 간대요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜と言っていました」：間接話法 (ㄴ/는다고 하다)

重要な語彙 (5)

선생님 (seonsaengnim) teacher 말씀하시다 (malsseumhasida) to speak (honorific) 이름 (ireum) name 드리다 (deurida) to give (honorific) 전하다 (jeonhada) to relay/convey

Real-World Preview

graduation-cap

Meeting the Professor

Review Summary

  • Noun + 께서
  • Noun + 께
  • Noun + (이)라고 하다
  • Verb + ㄴ/는다고 하다

よくある間違い

You must use the honorific subject particle 께서 when the subject is a superior.

Wrong: 선생님이가 오셨어요.
正解: 선생님께서 오셨어요.

Use 께 and the honorific verb 드리다 for superiors.

Wrong: 사장님한테 서류를 줬어요.
正解: 사장님께 서류를 드렸어요.

Remember to use polite endings when reporting speech in formal settings.

Wrong: 그는 간다고 말했다.
正解: 그가 간다고 했습니다.

Next Steps

You are doing incredible work. Keep practicing these honorifics and you will sound like a native in no time!

Practice introducing family members to a mock-teacher.

Continue to: Relaying Complex Messages and Rumors

クイック練習 (10)

「彼は今勉強していると言っています」となるように空欄を埋めてください。

그가 지금 공부___ 해요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 한다고
공부하다は母音で終わる動詞なので「ㄴ다고」を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜と言っていました」：間接話法 (ㄴ/는다고 하다)

尊敬語を正しく使っている文章はどれですか？

先生が来られたことを伝える最も丁寧な表現を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 선생님께서 오셨어요.
助詞の «께서» と動詞の尊敬形 «-(으)시-» (오셨어요) の両方を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 尊敬の主語：께서（이/가 の敬語版）

「料理が辛いそうです」という正しい文を選んでください。

正しい文章を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 음식이 맵다고 해요.
맵다（辛い）は形容詞なので、そのまま「다고」を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜と言っていました」：間接話法 (ㄴ/는다고 하다)

「友達が学生だと言っています」という文の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

친구가 학생라고 해요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 친구가 학생이라고 해요.
학생のように子音で終わる名詞には「이라고」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜と言っていました」：間接話法 (ㄴ/는다고 하다)

最も丁寧で適切な表現を選んでください。

上司にメールを送る時、どの文が正しいですか？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 사장님께 이메일 보냈습니다.
上司（사장님）には尊敬の助詞「께」と、丁寧な語尾「습니다」を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 尊敬の助詞「〜に」 (께)

空欄に「(이)라고 하다」の正しい形を入れてください。

제 친구 이름은 '유나'___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 라고 해요
「유나」は母音で終わるので、「라고 해요」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 自己紹介と名詞の引用 (이/라고 하다)

文章の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

저는 미국 사람라고 해요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 미국 사람이라고 해요.
「사람」はパッチム（ㅁ）で終わるので、「이라고」が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 自己紹介と名詞の引用 (이/라고 하다)

自分の行動を説明する文章の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

나께서 학교에 가요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 내가 학교에 가요.
自分自身に «께서» は使いません。標準の「이/가」を使いましょう。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 尊敬の主語：께서（이/가 の敬語版）

文法的に正しい文章を選んでください。

正しい文章はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 이것은 사과라고 합니다.
「사과」はパッチムがないので、「라고」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 自己紹介と名詞の引用 (이/라고 하다)

不自然な部分を修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

부모님한테 선물을 줬어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 부모님께 선물을 드렸어요.
両親には「께」を使い、さらに動詞も「あげる」の謙譲語「드렸어요」に変えるのが最も自然です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 尊敬の助詞「〜に」 (께)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

基本はそうですが、若くても社長や専門家など、社会的地位が高い人にも使います。 «사장님께서 말씀하셨어요.»
現代の家庭では「이/가」で十分です。よほど厳格な家庭でない限り、兄弟に «께서» は使いません。
基本的には使いません。兄弟なら年上でも «한테» や «형한테/언니한테» が一般的です。 «께» はもっと敬意が必要な親や先生に使います。
いいえ、会話でもよく使いますよ！ «에게» は少し硬い印象ですが、 «께» は会話で目上の人を敬う時の標準的な言葉です。 «교수님께 여쭤봤어요.»
もちろんです！自己紹介では定番の表現で、«-(이)에요» よりも少し丁寧で控えめな印象を与えます。«제 이름은 민수라고 해요» のように使ってみてください。
会話では «이라고 해» が «이래»、«라고 해» が «래» と短くなることがよくあります。例えば «친구가 선생님이래» (友達が先生だって) のように使います。
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