B2 Future & Conditional 20 min read ふつう

過去を推測する：条件法を使った可能性表現（Futuro do Pretérito）

過去の出来事について「〜だっただろう」「〜したはずだ」と推測する時は、過去未来形（条件法）を使いましょう。seria や teria feito などの表現が、あなたのポルトガル語をより知的で自然な響きにしてくれます。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the conditional tense to express uncertainty or make an educated guess about the past.

  • Use it for past events you aren't sure about: 'Seria ele o culpado?' (Could he be the culprit?)
  • It replaces the simple past when guessing: 'Onde estaria a chave?' (Where could the key be?)
  • It works with verbs of state and action: 'Eles estariam viajando.' (They were probably traveling.)
Subject + Conditional Verb + (Object/Adverb)

Overview

The Futuro do Pretérito (Conditional) tense in Portuguese extends far beyond its primary role of expressing hypothetical actions or polite requests. At the B2 level, you must master its equally crucial function: conveying conjecture or probability about past events or states. This advanced usage allows you to report information with a crucial degree of detachment and uncertainty, indicating that what you are saying is an educated guess, an unconfirmed report, or a strong likelihood rather than a verified fact.
This linguistic tool is indispensable for sounding native, especially when discussing news, rumors, or making informed assumptions about situations where absolute certainty is impossible. Instead of clunky English modal phrases like must have been or was probably, Portuguese offers an elegant, single-verb solution that integrates seamlessly into complex sentences. Understanding this dual nature of the conditional is key to interpreting nuanced meaning in both spoken and written Portuguese, from casual conversations to journalistic reports.
For example, Ele estaria viajando doesn't mean
He would be traveling
hypothetically, but rather
He was probably traveling
or
He was allegedly traveling,
attributing a degree of uncertainty to the past action.

Conjugation Table

Pronoun -ar Verbs (falar) -er Verbs (comer) -ir Verbs (partir)
:------ :--------------- :---------------- :-----------------
Eu falaria comeria partiria
Tu falarias comerias partirias
Ele/Ela/Você falaria comeria partiria
Nós falaríamos comeríamos partiríamos
Vós falaríeis comeríeis partiríeis
Eles/Elas/Vocês falariam comeriam partiriam
Verb (Infinitive) Irregular Stem Example (Eu)
:---------------- :------------- :-----------
fazer far- faria
dizer dir- diria
trazer trar- traria
haver havr- havria
saber saber- saberia
ser ser- seria
estar estar- estaria
ter ter- teria
vir vir- viria
pôr por- poria
querer quer- queria
poder poder- poderia
valer valer- valeria

How This Grammar Works

The Portuguese conditional operates with a fascinating dual function rooted in its inherent epistemic modality. While its primary role is to express hypothetical actions or situations (would do), it cleverly extends this concept to convey non-factuality or uncertainty regarding past events. When you employ the conditional for past probability, you are not stating a direct, verifiable fact; rather, you are presenting an inference, a supposition, or information that remains unverified.
Linguistically, this usage leverages the conditional's function as a distancer from absolute truth. Just as Eu faria distances an action from present reality (it would happen, but isn't happening now), Ele estaria em casa distances the statement about being home from concrete, verifiable past reality. It implies:
This is my best logical deduction, given the available (but incomplete) information, about what might have been the case.
This makes the statement less assertive and more open to revision.
This pattern is a sophisticated linguistic tool for attenuating assertiveness. It allows speakers to report on past situations without committing to their absolute veracity, thus protecting them from potential inaccuracies or accusations of spreading misinformation. It is particularly prevalent in journalism, where reporters often use it to cite unconfirmed sources or report alleged facts, as in O presidente estaria ciente das negociações (The president was allegedly aware of the negotiations).
This signals that the information is probable but not yet definitively proven, safeguarding the journalist's credibility.

Formation Pattern

1
Forming sentences that express past probability with the conditional involves two primary structures, dependent on whether you are speculating about a state, description, or continuous action versus a completed action. Both patterns utilize the standard conditional conjugations you've already mastered, requiring no new verb forms.
2
1. Simple Conditional (for States, Descriptions, or Ongoing Actions):
3
This pattern is used when you are guessing about someone's condition, a characteristic, or an action that was occurring at a specific point in the past. You simply use the conditional form of the main verb. This is most common with verbs like ser (to be), estar (to be), ter (to have), or other verbs in a continuous or descriptive context.
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Formula: Subject + Conditional Form of Verb
5
Ela estaria doente. (She was probably sick / She must have been sick.) – Guessing about a state.
6
Seriam umas três da manhã. (It must have been around three in the morning.) – Guessing about a time.
7
O cachorro latiria a noite toda. (The dog was probably barking all night.) – Guessing about an ongoing action.
8
2. Compound Conditional (for Completed Actions):
9
When your conjecture pertains to an action that was completed in the past, Portuguese employs a compound tense structure. This involves the conditional form of the auxiliary verb ter (to have), followed by the past participle of the main verb. This construction is functionally similar to the English would have done but here it carries the meaning of past probability.
10
Formula: Subject + teria / terias / teríamos etc. + Past Participle of Main Verb
11
Eles teriam esquecido o compromisso. (They must have forgotten the appointment.) – Guessing about a completed action.
12
O ladrão teria fugido pela janela. (The thief allegedly escaped through the window.) – Speculating on a past, completed action.
13
Você não teria visto minha carteira, né? (You wouldn't have seen my wallet, would you?) – A polite, probabilistic question about a past action.
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The choice between these two forms hinges on the aspect you are emphasizing: a continuous state or an action in progress (simple conditional) versus a definitive, completed action (compound conditional).

When To Use It

Mastering the conditional for past probability is about recognizing the specific communicative contexts where it naturally emerges in Portuguese. This isn't a grammatical flourish; it's a tool for specific conversational and journalistic needs.
1. Expressing Conjecture or Educated Guesses about the Past:
When you lack definitive information but can make a reasonable inference based on circumstances. This allows you to float an idea without asserting it as an absolute fact.
  • Ele não atendeu o telefone. Estaria dormindo. (He didn't answer the phone. He was probably sleeping.)
  • A festa foi cancelada. Eles teriam tido algum problema. (The party was cancelled. They must have had some problem.)
2. Reporting Unverified Information or Rumors (Journalistic/Formal Contexts):
This is highly common in news reports, police statements, or formal discussions to indicate that information comes from an unconfirmed source, or is an allegation. It provides legal and epistemic distance, crucial for maintaining objectivity.
  • O suspeito estaria em outro estado no momento do crime. (The suspect was allegedly in another state at the time of the crime.)
  • A empresa teria desviado fundos públicos. (The company allegedly diverted public funds.)
3. Estimating Times, Dates, or Quantities in the Past:
When you are recalling an event but can't be precise, the conditional is used to approximate. This is a common way to soften an otherwise definitive statement about numbers or temporal points.
  • A reunião seria por volta das dez da manhã. (The meeting must have been around ten in the morning.)
  • Seriam uns quinhentos convidados na cerimônia. (There must have been about five hundred guests at the ceremony.)
4. Pondering or Wondering about Past Events (Often in Questions):
When you're internally questioning what happened or gently probing someone for information. This usage maintains an interrogative distance.
  • Quem bateria na porta aquela hora? (Who could have knocked on the door at that hour?)
  • Onde ele teria guardado as chaves? (Where could he have kept the keys?)
5. Expressing Mild Disbelief or Sarcasm about a Past Claim:
It can soften a skeptical reaction, implying
that sounds like an exaggeration
or
I doubt that happened
without direct confrontation, allowing for a more polite challenge.
  • Você estudaria por dez horas seguidas? Duvido. (You supposedly studied for ten hours straight? I doubt it.)
  • Ele terminaria o projeto sozinho em um dia? Difícil de acreditar. (He would supposedly finish the project alone in one day? Hard to believe.)
This usage emphasizes your cognitive state – you are inferring or reporting, not asserting. It's a key marker of sophisticated communication in Portuguese.

Common Mistakes

Learners of Portuguese often encounter specific pitfalls when attempting to express past probability. Recognizing these common errors is critical for achieving native-like fluency and avoiding miscommunication, especially at the B2 level where nuance becomes paramount.
1. Over-reliance on deve ter:
English speakers frequently translate must have been directly using deve ter + past participle (Ele deve ter estado doente). While grammatically correct and widely understood, especially in Brazilian Portuguese, deve ter implies a stronger logical deduction or near-certainty. The conditional (Ele estaria doente) offers a nuanced layer of detachment and lesser certainty, aligning more closely with was probably or allegedly was, signaling a more cautious assessment.
  • Ele deve ter esquecido. (He must have forgotten / He certainly forgot.) – Strong deduction based on evidence.
  • Ele teria esquecido. (He probably forgot / He allegedly forgot.) – Conjecture, less certain, potentially unverified.
2. Confusing Conditional with Imperfect (estaria vs. estava):
This is a critical distinction that can alter the factual weight of your statement. The imperfect (estava) states a confirmed fact about the past, reporting a definite past state or ongoing action. In contrast, the conditional (estaria) indicates a guess or unverified report, explicitly marking the information as non-factual.
  • Ela estava em casa. (She was at home.) – This is a definitive, verifiable fact.
  • Ela estaria em casa. (She was probably at home / She was allegedly at home.) – This is a conjecture or an unconfirmed report.
Incorrectly using estava when you mean estaria can lead to you inadvertently presenting a speculation as an undeniable truth, which could have social or even legal implications.
3. Applying Conditional for Present Probability:
The conditional for probability is strictly for retrospective contexts, meaning it always refers to the past. To express probability or conjecture about the present or immediate future, you must use the Futuro do Presente (Simple Future) tense, even if the translation in English might use would.
  • Incorrect: Onde ele estaria agora? (This means
    Where *would* he be now?
    in a hypothetical sense, not
    Where is he probably?
    )
  • Correct for present probability: Onde ele estará agora? (Where could he be now? / I wonder where he is now?) – This uses the future tense to convey present uncertainty.
4. Misusing the Simple vs. Compound Conditional:
Remember the crucial distinction: the simple conditional (estaria, seria) is for guessing about past states or continuous actions. The compound conditional (teria feito, teria ido) is for guessing about past completed actions. Mixing these can lead to awkward phrasing or ambiguity regarding the aspect of the past event you are speculating about.
By actively practicing the subtle differences in meaning and context, you can avoid these common pitfalls and wield the conditional with greater precision and confidence.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

While the conditional for past probability is a powerful and elegant structure, Portuguese offers alternative expressions that convey similar meanings with subtle differences in nuance, formality, and regional preference. Understanding these distinctions allows for more precise and contextually appropriate communication.
1. Conditional (teria feito) vs. deve ter + Past Participle (deve ter feito):
  • Conditional (teria feito): Implies conjecture, likelihood, or unverified report. It suggests probably did or allegedly did. The speaker maintains a degree of detachment and does not assert certainty. It's often perceived as more formal, cautious, or journalistic.
  • Ela teria recebido a mensagem. (She probably received the message / She allegedly received the message.) – Suggests possibility without strong confirmation.
  • deve ter + Past Participle (deve ter feito): Implies a strong logical deduction or high probability based on existing evidence or strong inference. It translates more closely to must have done or certainly did, indicating a higher level of speaker conviction. This is very common in spoken Brazilian Portuguese and is less about unverified reports and more about strong conclusions.
  • Ela deve ter recebido a mensagem. (She must have received the message [because she replied].)
  • Key Distinction: The conditional for probability expresses possibility without strong evidence, often implying rumor or hearsay. Deve ter implies a conclusion drawn from available, though not necessarily explicit, evidence, representing a higher degree of certainty on the speaker's part.
2. Conditional (teria feito) vs. Será que + Past Tense (Será que ele fez?):
  • Será que + Past Tense: This is an extremely common, colloquial, and highly versatile construction in spoken Brazilian Portuguese, primarily used to express doubt or wonder about a past event or state. It literally translates to
    Will it be that...?
    but functions as I wonder if... or
    Could it be that...?
    It carries a more informal, immediate, and conversational tone, often posed as a direct question.
  • Será que ele esqueceu do nosso jantar? (I wonder if he forgot about our dinner? / Did he perhaps forget?)
  • Conditional (Ele teria esquecido?): While also expressing doubt, it feels slightly more formal, thoughtful, or even dramatic when used in a question about past probability. It retains the epistemic distancing inherent in the conditional, making it less direct than Será que. In European Portuguese, this conditional usage for questions of past probability is more widespread in informal speech.
  • Key Distinction: Será que is the go-to for casual, direct questioning of past events in BP. The conditional, while conveying similar doubt, often suggests a more reflective or reported quality. As a B2 learner, understanding both allows you to choose the appropriate register for your communication.
Table Comparison:
| Feature | Conditional (teria feito) | deve ter (deve ter feito) | Será que (Será que ele fez?) |
| :-------------- | :------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------ | :----------------------------------------------- |
| Meaning | Probably did, allegedly did, could have done | Must have done, certainly did, highly likely did | I wonder if he did, could it be that he did |
| Certainty | Lower; conjecture, unverified, hearsay | Higher; strong logical deduction, inference | Expresses doubt, seeking confirmation/explanation|
| Formality | More formal, journalistic, reflective | Common in informal/formal BP, strong inference | Highly informal, colloquial (BP) |
| Main Use | Reporting rumors, estimating, educated guesses | Drawing strong conclusions, explaining outcomes | Casual wondering, expressing uncertainty (BP) |
| EP vs BP | More common in EP informal speech | Very common in BP informal speech | Extremely common in BP informal speech |

Real Conversations

Observing the conditional's usage in natural dialogue illuminates its practical application beyond grammatical rules. These scenarios demonstrate how native speakers leverage it for nuance, social cues, and journalistic integrity, highlighting its versatility in conveying past probability.

Scenario 1: Guessing about a Friend's Absence (Brazilian Portuguese)

- Amiga A: Você viu a Marcela hoje? Ela não apareceu no trabalho. (Did you see Marcela today? She didn't show up for work.)

- Amiga B: Não vi. Ela estaria doente, né? Ontem ela não parecia bem. (Didn't see her. She was probably sick, right? Yesterday she didn't look well.)

- Observation: Here, estaria doente is a compassionate guess, presented as a likely explanation. Amiga B isn't certain, but it's her best inference based on prior observation. Using the conditional softens the statement, avoiding a definitive claim about Marcela's health.

Scenario 2: Discussing a News Report (European Portuguese)

- Jornalista 1: A polícia avançou com novas informações sobre o caso. (The police released new information about the case.)

- Jornalista 2: Li que o suspeito teria sido visto perto da fronteira. (I read that the suspect was allegedly seen near the border.)

- Jornalista 1: Sim, e ele estaria a tentar fugir do país. (Yes, and he was allegedly trying to flee the country.)

- Observation: In this journalistic context, the conditional teria sido visto and estaria a tentar (a common EP construction for continuous action in the conditional) are crucial for reporting unconfirmed details or allegations. It protects the journalists from stating unproven facts, upholding journalistic ethics by signaling unverified information.

Scenario 3: Lamenting a Lost Item (Brazilian Portuguese)

- Pessoa A: Cadê meu carregador? Não acho em lugar nenhum! (Where's my charger? I can't find it anywhere!)

- Pessoa B: Ah, você teria deixado na casa da sua mãe ontem? (Oh, you could have left it at your mom's house yesterday?)

- Pessoa A: Será que eu deixei? Acho que sim... (I wonder if I left it? I think so...)

- Observation: Pessoa B uses teria deixado as a suggestion, a possible explanation for the lost item. Pessoa A then uses Será que to internalize the doubt, showing the interchangeability but slight difference in immediate vs. reflective questioning regarding the past event. This illustrates how both structures can coexist in a natural dialogue.

Scenario 4: Workplace Gossip (Both BP/EP, slightly more formal)

- Colega X: O chefe parecia bem bravo na reunião. (The boss seemed really angry in the meeting.)

- Colega Y: Pois é, a produtividade da equipe teria caído no último trimestre. (Indeed, the team's productivity allegedly fell in the last quarter.)

- Observation: teria caído is used to report an unconfirmed but plausible reason for the boss's anger, distancing the speaker from the definitive assertion of fact. This is a common and appropriate way to discuss sensitive, unverified information in a professional setting without making direct accusations or spreading unsubstantiated rumors as fact.

These examples highlight how the conditional for past probability is interwoven into daily communication, providing a nuanced layer of meaning that goes beyond simple statements of fact.

Progressive Practice

1

To internalize the conditional for past probability, deliberate practice focusing on contextual application is essential. Move beyond simple conjugation drills to exercises that mimic real-life scenarios, demanding both grammatical accuracy and semantic nuance.

2

1. Scenario-Based Speculation:

3

- Activity: Provide yourself with a short scenario or news headline describing a past event where information is incomplete or unverified (e.g.,

A loja fechou inesperadamente ontem à noite. Ninguém sabe o motivo.
). Then, generate three different conjectures using the conditional for past probability, explaining your reasoning for each.

4

- *Example:* Given A loja fechou..., you might write: A loja teria falido. (The store probably went bankrupt – guessing a cause.) Os donos estariam com problemas financeiros. (The owners were probably having financial problems – guessing a state.) Eles teriam mudado de cidade. (They probably moved cities – guessing an action with unconfirmed impact.)

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2. Transforming Assertions into Conjectures:

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- Activity: Take factual past statements and rewrite them using the conditional to introduce an explicit element of doubt, reportage, or approximation. This exercise forces you to consciously alter the epistemic modality.

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- *Original:* Ele estava doente. (He was sick.) -> *Transformed:* Ele estaria doente. (He was probably sick.)

8

- *Original:* Eles foram para a praia. (They went to the beach.) -> *Transformed:* Eles teriam ido para a praia. (They probably went to the beach.)

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3. Dialogue Completion:

10

- Activity: Find or create dialogues where a character expresses certainty about a past event. Rewrite the response of another character to introduce doubt or unverified information using the conditional, focusing on natural conversational flow.

11

- *Original Dialogue:*

O João chegou atrasado?
Sim, ele estava atrasado.
(Did João arrive late? Yes, he was late.)

12

- *Transformed Dialogue:*

O João chegou atrasado?
Ele teria se atrasado, porque o trânsito estava terrível. Não sei ao certo.
(Did João arrive late? He was probably late, because traffic was terrible. I don't know for sure.)

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4. News Report Analysis:

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- Activity: Actively read Portuguese news articles (especially crime reports, political commentaries, or reports citing anonymous sources) and identify instances where the conditional is used for probability. Analyze *why* the journalist or reporter chose that tense over a definitive past tense. This helps build an intuitive understanding of its formal and ethical application.

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5. Self-Correction in Conversation:

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- Activity: During your own conversations in Portuguese, make a conscious effort to replace deve ter or direct past tenses with the conditional when you are expressing a guess, reporting something unverified, or making an estimate about the past. Pay attention to how this changes the nuance of your statement and how native speakers react.

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Consistent application in varied contexts will solidify this grammar point, moving you from mere recognition to confident production.

Quick FAQ

Q: Is there a significant difference in frequency between Brazilian and European Portuguese?
  • A: Yes, while the grammatical rule itself is identical and understood in both, European Portuguese tends to use the conditional for past probability somewhat more frequently in everyday spoken language, especially for gentle speculation or questioning. Brazilian Portuguese, particularly informally, often prefers deve ter (for strong deductions) or Será que (for general doubt) in similar contexts. However, the conditional remains present and appropriate in both varieties, particularly in formal or journalistic settings. It's a hallmark of a more sophisticated register.
Q: Can I use this for present tense probability?
  • A: No, the conditional for probability is strictly retrospective, referring to the past. To express probability or conjecture about the present or immediate future, you must use the Futuro do Presente (Simple Future) tense. For example, Onde ela estará agora? (Where could she be right now? / I wonder where she is now?) is correct for present probability. Using Onde ela estaria agora? would imply a hypothetical
    where would she be (if...)
    rather than a probability concerning her current location or state.
Q: What is the main benefit of using the conditional over deve ter?
  • A: The main benefit is epistemic distancing and nuance. The conditional signals a lower, more cautious degree of certainty; you are presenting a possibility, an unconfirmed report, or a general likelihood, rather than a strong logical deduction. It’s a linguistic safety net, allowing you to speculate without fully committing to the truth of the statement. Deve ter implies you have strong reasons for your deduction, even if those reasons are not explicitly stated, carrying a higher level of speaker conviction.
Q: Is it always about negative or uncertain events?
  • A: Not necessarily. While it's frequently used for rumors, problems, or things you're trying to figure out, it can also be used for positive conjectures. For example, if you see friends suddenly behaving like they're rich, you might say, Eles teriam ganhado na loteria! (They must have won the lottery!). The key is the unverified or inferred nature of the information, not its positive or negative valence.
Q: Does using this conditional make me sound more fluent or formal?
  • A: It signals a higher level of fluency, sophistication, and command over Portuguese modality. While Será que and deve ter are common and appropriate in many situations, the correct and appropriate use of the conditional for past probability demonstrates a nuanced understanding of Portuguese. In formal contexts like academic writing, news reports, or professional emails, its use is expected and contributes to a more authoritative and precise tone, allowing you to convey complex ideas with appropriate levels of certainty.

Conditional Conjugation (Regular)

Person Falar Comer Partir
Eu
falaria
comeria
partiria
Tu
falarias
comerias
partirias
Ele/Ela
falaria
comeria
partiria
Nós
falaríamos
comeríamos
partiríamos
Vós
falaríeis
comeríeis
partiríeis
Eles/Elas
falariam
comeriam
partiriam

Meanings

The conditional of probability is used to express conjecture, doubt, or an educated guess regarding a past situation.

1

Past Conjecture

Guessing about an event that happened in the past.

“Quem teria feito isso?”

“Eles estariam em casa quando liguei?”

Reference Table

Reference table for 過去を推測する：条件法を使った可能性表現（Futuro do Pretérito）
代名詞 単純過去未来（状態・時間） 複合過去未来（完了した動作） 日本語のニュアンス
Eu
estaria / seria
teria feito
〜だっただろう / 〜したはずだ
Você / Ele / Ela
estaria / seria
teria feito
〜だったでしょう / 〜したはずです
Nós
estaríamos / seríamos
teríamos feito
〜だっただろう / 〜したはずだ
Vocês / Eles / Elas
estariam / seriam
teriam feito
〜だっただろう / 〜したはずだ

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Quem teria subtraído o bolo?

Quem teria subtraído o bolo? (Mystery/Casual)

ニュートラル
Quem teria pegado o bolo?

Quem teria pegado o bolo? (Mystery/Casual)

カジュアル
Quem será que pegou o bolo?

Quem será que pegou o bolo? (Mystery/Casual)

スラング
Quem teria levado o bolo?

Quem teria levado o bolo? (Mystery/Casual)

ポルトガル語における過去未来形の用法

Futuro do Pretérito

仮定の行動

  • Eu iria 私なら行くだろう

丁寧な依頼

  • Eu gostaria 〜したいのですが

過去の推量

  • Ele estaria doente 彼は病気だったんだろう

未確認の噂

  • Teria roubado 盗んだとされている

事実 vs 推測

事実（半過去・完全過去）
Ela estava cansada. 彼女は疲れていた。
Eram 10 da noite. 夜の10時だった。
Ele roubou o carro. 彼は車を盗んだ。
推測（過去未来形）
Ela estaria cansada. 彼女は疲れていたんだろう。
Seriam 10 da noite. たぶん夜の10時だったはずだ。
Ele teria roubado o carro. 彼は車を盗んだと見られている。

過去の推量の作り方

1

状態、描写、または時間を推測していますか？

YES
単純過去未来形（estaria, seria）を使う
NO
次のステップへ
2

完了した動作を推測していますか？

YES
複合過去未来形（teria + 過去分詞）を使う
NO ↓

過去未来形による推量の定番シチュエーション

⌚

時間の見積もり

  • • Seriam duas horas
  • • Seria meia-noite
🤔

独り言・疑問

  • • Quem seria?
  • • Onde estaria?
📰

報道・噂

  • • Teria fugido
  • • Estaria namorando
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レベル別の例文

1

Onde estaria o meu livro?

Where could my book be?

1

Quem teria ligado?

Who could have called?

1

Eles estariam viajando quando aconteceu.

They were probably traveling when it happened.

1

O que teria motivado essa decisão?

What could have motivated this decision?

1

Teria sido um erro de cálculo, segundo os especialistas.

It might have been a calculation error, according to experts.

1

Quem ousaria duvidar do que teria ocorrido naquela noite?

Who would dare doubt what might have happened that night?

間違えやすい

Guessing the Past: Using the Conditional for Probability 対 Future of the Past vs. Conditional of Probability

They share the same form.

Guessing the Past: Using the Conditional for Probability 対 Conditional vs. Imperfect Indicative

Both refer to the past.

Guessing the Past: Using the Conditional for Probability 対 Conditional vs. Subjunctive

Both express doubt.

よくある間違い

✗

Onde estava ele?

✓

Onde estaria ele?

Using indicative for a guess.
✗

Ele foi em casa.

✓

Ele teria ido em casa.

Missing the conditional aspect.
✗

Quem fez isso?

✓

Quem teria feito isso?

Direct question vs guess.
✗

Ele estaria lá ontem.

✓

Ele teria estado lá ontem.

Wrong tense for past.
✗

Eu pensava que ele estaria lá.

✓

Eu pensava que ele estaria lá (this is fine, but context matters).

Confusing future of the past with probability.
✗

Ele teria comer.

✓

Ele teria comido.

Infinitive instead of participle.
✗

Teria sido ele?

✓

Teria sido ele?

Actually correct, but often avoided.
✗

Eles estariam ido.

✓

Eles teriam ido.

Wrong auxiliary verb.
✗

O que teria acontecido?

✓

O que teria acontecido?

Correct, but often misused in sequence of tenses.
✗

Se ele teria vindo...

✓

Se ele tivesse vindo...

Conditional in 'if' clause.
✗

Ele teria feito isso, eu acho.

✓

Ele teria feito isso.

Redundancy.
✗

Eles estariam tendo feito.

✓

Eles teriam feito.

Over-complicating.

文型パターン

Quem teria ___?

Onde estaria ___?

Eles teriam ___ quando ___.

O que teria motivado ___?

Real World Usage

Texting very common

Onde estaria você?

Journalism common

O suspeito teria fugido.

Job Interview occasional

O que teria feito diferente?

Social Media common

Quem teria postado isso?

Travel occasional

Onde teria ficado o hotel?

Food Delivery occasional

Onde teria parado o entregador?

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🎯

ジャーナリスティック・コンディショナル

ポルトガル語のニュースでは、事実が確定する前に「〜したとされる」というニュアンスで «teria + 過去分詞» がよく使われます。これは断定を避けて法的なトラブルを防ぐための知恵なんだ。例えば「彼は賄賂を受け取ったとされる」は
Ele teria aceitado o suborno.
と表現するよ。
💬

WhatsAppでの噂話

ブラジル人は日常の噂話でよく Será que を使うけど、あえて過去未来形を使うとドラマのナレーションみたいに聞こえるよ。「彼女は彼を裏切ったのかしら？」と少し大げさに言いたいなら
Ela o teria traído?
と言ってみてね。
⚠️

未来と過去の推量を混同しないで！

「今ごろ〜だろう」という現在の推量には未来形 Será を使い、「あの時〜だっただろう」という過去の推量には過去未来形 Seria を使うのがルールだよ。例えば「あの時は8時だったはず」なら
Seriam umas oito horas.
が正解だね。

Smart Tips

Use the compound conditional (teria + participle).

Ele foi lá. → Ele teria ido lá.

Use the conditional instead of the past tense.

Onde foi ele? → Onde teria ido ele?

Use 'será que' if you forget the conditional.

Onde estaria ele? → Onde será que ele está?

Use the conditional to report unverified news.

O governo aumentou os impostos. → O governo teria aumentado os impostos.

発音

fa-la-RI-a

Stress

The stress is always on the 'i' in the conditional ending.

Rising

Estaria ele em casa? ↑

Indicates a genuine question/doubt.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of the 'ia' ending as 'I-guess-ia'.

視覚的連想

Imagine a detective with a magnifying glass looking at a footprint, saying 'Quem teria passado por aqui?'

Rhyme

Para o passado adivinhar, o -ia você deve usar.

Story

Maria arrives home and finds the door open. She wonders: 'Quem teria entrado? Estaria alguém lá dentro? O que teria levado?'

Word Web

teriaestariaseriafariapoderiadeveria

チャレンジ

Look at 3 objects in your room and guess who touched them last using the conditional.

文化メモ

Brazilians often use 'será que' instead of the conditional for probability in informal speech.

The conditional is used more frequently in formal and written contexts.

Similar to Portugal, formal register prefers the conditional.

Derived from the Latin infinitive + habere (to have).

会話のきっかけ

“

O que teria acontecido se você não tivesse vindo?

“

Quem teria deixado isso aqui?

“

O que teria motivado essa mudança?

“

Onde teriam eles passado as férias?

日記のテーマ

Write about a mystery you once had. Use the conditional to guess what happened.
Imagine a historical event. What would have happened if it went differently?
Describe a lost item. Where could it have gone?
Speculate on why a friend didn't call you back.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

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Test Yourself

過去の推量を表すために、正しい動詞の形を空欄に入れてください。

Não sei porque ela chorou. Ela ___ triste? (estar)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: estaria
過去の彼女の心理状態を推測しているので、過去未来形の 'estaria' が最適です。'Estava' だと既知の事実になってしまいます。
噂や未確認のニュースを正しく表現している文はどれですか？ 選択問題

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O gerente teria roubado o banco.
'Teria roubado' はジャーナリスティックな過去未来形で、「マネージャーが銀行を盗んだとされる（疑いがある）」という意味になります。
過去の時間を推測する、より自然なポルトガル語に直してください。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Quando cheguei, deve ter sido umas 10 da noite.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Quando cheguei, seriam umas 10 da noite.
過去の時刻を推測する時は、'ser' の過去未来形を使います。'10' は複数なので 'seriam' にするのが最も自然です。

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct conditional form.

Onde ___ (estar) a chave?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: estaria
It's a guess about the past.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele teria ido.
Teria + participle.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Se ele teria vindo, eu saberia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se ele viesse...
No conditional in 'if' clause.
Transform to conditional probability. Sentence Transformation

Onde ele foi? -> Onde ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: teria ido ele
Past conjecture.
Is this rule correct? True False Rule

Conditional is only for hypothetical situations.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
It's also for probability.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Onde está o João? B: Não sei, ___ em casa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: estaria
Guessing.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

teria / quem / feito / isso

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Quem teria feito isso?
Correct word order.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

Match: Onde estaria? / Onde estava?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Guess / Fact
Conditional is for guessing.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
過去についての推測を完成させてください。 穴埋め問題

Quem ___ a coragem de fazer uma coisa dessas? (ter)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: teria
ジャーナリスティックな噂の文を作ってください。 Sentence Reorder

文を並べ替えてください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O político teria escondido o dinheiro
過去の時間を推測するのに最も自然なフレーズはどれですか？ 選択問題

最も適切な選択肢を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Seriam umas duas horas.
「〜だったに違いない」という推測を過去未来形を使って訳してください。 翻訳

彼らは何も食べなかった。緊張していたに違いない。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eles não comeram nada. Eles estariam nervosos.
文法的な間違いを見つけてください。 Error Correction

Segundo as notícias, o avião tinha caído no mar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Segundo as notícias, o avião teria caído no mar.
推測の文を完成させてください。 穴埋め問題

Você não atendeu o celular. ___ ocupado? (estar)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Estaria
英語の意図とポルトガル語の文法を一致させてください。 Match Pairs

意味を一致させてください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 事実：彼は病気だった - Ele estava doente
疑いや疑問を表す文を特定してください。 選択問題

「一体誰だったんだろう？」という意味の文はどれですか？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Quem seria?
不信感を表す文を組み立ててください。 Sentence Reorder

単語を並べ替えてください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela estaria louca para fazer isso?
文をより不確かな響きにしてください。 Error Correction

Onde ela estava ontem? (昨日彼女はどこにいたんだろう？と推測する場合)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Onde ela estaria ontem?
ジャーナリスティックなポルトガル語に訳してください。 翻訳

その会社は数百万ドルを失ったとされています。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A empresa teria perdido milhões.
年齢を推測するための正しい形を選んでください。 穴埋め問題

Era uma criança muito pequena. ___ uns quatro anos. (ter)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Teria

Score: /12

よくある質問 (8)

No, this is specifically for past conjecture.

It's neutral, but can be formal depending on context.

You can! It's just a stylistic choice.

People will understand, but you might sound less precise.

Yes, all verbs can be used in the conditional.

Formally yes, but the function is different.

Just add 'não' before the verb.

Yes, it's very common in questions.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Condicional de probabilidad

None, very similar.

French high

Conditionnel

French uses it more for politeness.

German moderate

Konjunktiv II

German is more complex with modal verbs.

Japanese low

Darou/Deshou

No verb conjugation for this.

Arabic low

Kana + verb

Arabic is non-inflectional for this specific tense.

Chinese low

Keneng

Chinese has no verb conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
ポルトガル語の条件法：「〜だろう」の時制 (Futuro do Pretérito)

Learn These First

B1 Requires

条件法：丁寧さと「もしも」の話 (-ia)

Overview 宝くじに当たったらどうするか、空想したことはありますか？あるいは、ただ単に横柄な人のように聞こえないようにコー...

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B1

丁寧な依頼と提案 (Gostaria, Poderia)

Overview 何かを頼んだ後、自分が傲慢に聞こえてしまったと感じて、気まずい思いをしたことはありませんか？ポルトガル語では、...
B2

ポルトガル語の未来完了形：「〜してしまっているだろう」(Futuro Composto)

### Overview ポルトガル語の「未来完了形（Futuro Composto）」は、特定の未来の時点までに完了しているであろう動作や状態を...
A2

ポルトガル語の単純未来：規則的な -ar 動詞

### Overview ポルトガル語の学習を頑張っている皆さん、こんにちは！今回は、未来の出来事を表現する「単純未来（Futuro do Pr...
B2

ポルトガル語の条件法複合形：「〜しただろう」

Overview 週末を振り返って、「勉強するつもりだったのに、Netflixを見ちゃった」と思ったことはありませんか？過去を振り返り、...
B1

「Poder」の未来形：「できるようになる」の表現

### Overview ポルトガル語の学習を進めていく中で、「〜できる」という能力や可能性を未来の視点で表現したい場面は非常に多い...
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