B1 Pronouns 18 min read ふつう

ポルトガル語の再帰動詞:再帰的意味と非再帰的意味の違い (me, te, se)

A reflexive pronoun shifts a verb from an external action to an internal state or personal change.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Reflexive verbs show that the subject performs an action on themselves, using pronouns like 'me', 'te', or 'se'.

  • Use 'me' for first person: Eu me lavo (I wash myself).
  • Use 'te' for second person: Tu te lavas (You wash yourself).
  • Use 'se' for third person: Ele se lava (He washes himself).
Subject + Pronoun (me/te/se/nos/se) + Verb

Overview

### Overview
ポルトガル語の再帰動詞(Reflexive Verbs)は、B1レベルの学習者が避けては通れない非常に重要な文法項目です。日本語の感覚で考えると、最初は少し不思議に感じるかもしれません。ポルトガル語の再帰動詞は、主語が自分自身に対して動作を行う場合(例:lavar-se=自分を洗う)だけでなく、感情の変化や状態の変化を表す際にも必須となります。日本語には「再帰代名詞」という独立した品詞は存在しません。日本語で「自分を洗う」と言うときは「自分を」という目的語を補いますが、ポルトガル語では動詞とセットになった代名詞(me, te, seなど)を動詞に付け加える必要があります。この「動詞と代名詞が一体化する」という感覚は、日本語の自動詞・他動詞の使い分けに近い部分がありますが、ポルトガル語の方がよりシステマチックです。特に、英語の「myself」のように強調のためだけに使われるのではなく、文法的に必須(obligatory)である点が重要です。この代名詞を忘れると、意味が全く通じなくなったり、不自然な響きになったりします。例えば、lembrar(覚えている)とlembrar-se(思い出す)では意味が異なります。この違いを理解することは、ネイティブのような自然な表現に近づくための大きな一歩です。日本語の「~てしまう」「~になる」といった補助動詞的なニュアンスとも比較しながら、整理していきましょう。
### How This Grammar Works
再帰動詞の核となるのは、主語が動作の主体であると同時に、その対象(目的語)でもあるという関係性です。日本語の文法で言う「再帰」とは、主語が自分自身に働きかけることを指します。ポルトガル語では、これをme(私を)、te(君を)、se(彼・彼女・あなたを)といった再帰代名詞で表現します。日本語の「鏡で自分を見る」をポルトガル語にするとEu me vejo no espelhoとなります。ここでmeがなければ「私は(誰か)を見る」という他動詞の文になってしまいます。つまり、代名詞は「誰に対して」という情報を明確にする役割を果たしています。
さらに、日本語話者が最も戸惑うのは、物理的に自分に働きかけるわけではない「代名詞付きの動詞(Pronominal verbs)」です。例えば、esquecer(忘れる)とesquecer-se de(~のことを忘れる)の使い分けです。日本語ではどちらも「忘れる」ですが、ポルトガル語では再帰代名詞が付くことで、前置詞deを伴う必要が生じます。これは日本語の「~に気づく」「~を忘れる」といった格助詞(に・を)の使い分けの感覚に近いですが、動詞の形そのものが変化する点が異なります。また、sentir(感じる)とsentir-se((気分を)感じる)の違いも重要です。Eu sinto o frio(私は寒さを感じる=外的な感覚)とEu me sinto feliz(私は幸せに感じる=内面的な状態)のように、再帰代名詞があるかないかで、動詞が「外的な知覚」から「内面的な状態」へと意味がシフトします。これは日本語の「感じる」という一つの動詞で両方をカバーしてしまう感覚とは大きく異なるため、意識的に代名詞を使い分ける練習が必要です。
### Formation Pattern
再帰動詞の活用は、主語に対応する再帰代名詞を動詞の前後(ブラジルでは主に前、ポルトガルでは主に後ろ)に置くことで作られます。以下の表で、主語と対応する代名詞を確認しましょう。
| 主語 (Subject) | 再帰代名詞 (Pronoun) |
| :--- | :--- |
| eu (私) | me |
| tu (君) | te |
| ele/ela/você (彼/彼女/あなた) | se |
| nós (私たち) | nos |
| vós (君たち) | vos |
| eles/elas/vocês (彼ら/彼女ら/あなたたち) | se |
ブラジルポルトガル語(BP)では、代名詞を動詞の前に置く「前置(Próclise)」が一般的です。一方、ヨーロッパポルトガル語(EP)では、肯定文の文頭などで動詞の後ろに置く「後置(Ênclise)」が好まれます。学習の際は、まずはBPの「動詞の前に置く」というルールを基本にするとスムーズです。
### When To Use It
再帰動詞の使いどころは大きく分けて3つあります。1つ目は、自分自身への動作です。lavar-se(自分を洗う)、pentear-se(髪をとかす)など、日常のルーティンで頻繁に使われます。2つ目は、状態の変化や内面的な感情を表す場合です。sentir-se(気分である)、apaixonar-se por(恋に落ちる)、preocupar-se com(心配する)などがあります。これらは「自分自身を心配する」という直訳的な意味ではなく、「心配という状態にある」というニュアンスです。3つ目は、相互関係です。abraçar-se(抱き合う)、encontrar-se(出会う)のように、複数の主語が互いに動作を行う場合に使われます。日本語の「お互いに」に相当する表現ですが、ポルトガル語では動詞の形に組み込まれているため、非常に効率的です。例えば、「私たちはカフェで会った」と言いたいとき、Nós nos encontramos no caféと言えば、お互いに会ったという相互のニュアンスが自然に含まれます。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1代名詞の欠落: 日本語話者は「自分を」という言葉を省略しがちです。日本語では「私は洗う」と言えば文脈で「自分を」と分かりますが、ポルトガル語ではEu lavoだけだと「(何かを)洗う」となり、目的語が不足していると判断されます。必ずmeを入れましょう。
  2. 2前置詞の忘れ: esquecer-selembrar-seを使う際、deという前置詞を忘れるミスが多発します。日本語の「~を忘れる」の「を」に引きずられ、前置詞なしで直接目的語を置こうとしてしまいますが、再帰動詞化すると前置詞が必要になるルールを覚えましょう。
  3. 3再帰代名詞と人称の不一致: Euなのにseを使ってしまうなど、主語と代名詞のペアリングミスです。これは日本語の「自分」という言葉が誰に対しても使えるため、ポルトガル語の人称変化を意識しづらいことが原因です。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
日本語の自動詞・他動詞の感覚と、ポルトガル語の再帰動詞の構造を比較してみましょう。
| 日本語の構造 | ポルトガル語の構造 | 比較のポイント |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 他動詞のみ(~を洗う) | lavar / lavar-se | 再帰代名詞の有無で対象が変わる |
| 自動詞・他動詞のペア(閉める/閉まる) | fechar / fechar-se | ポルトガル語は再帰代名詞で自動詞化する |
日本語では「窓を閉める」「窓が閉まる」と動詞そのものが変わりますが、ポルトガル語ではfechar(閉める)とfechar-se(閉まる)のように、再帰代名詞を使って自動詞的な意味を作ることが多いです。この「再帰代名詞=自動詞化のツール」という視点を持つと、理解がぐっと深まります。
### Quick FAQ
Q1: ブラジルでは常に動詞の前に代名詞を置きますか?
A1: はい、日常会話ではほとんどの場合、動詞の前に置く「前置(Próclise)」が使われます。難しく考えず、まずは動詞の前に置く習慣をつけましょう。
Q2: seは「彼・彼女」だけでなく「あなた」にも使えますか?
A2: はい、você(あなた)に対してもseを使います。三人称の単数形として一括りで覚えると簡単です。
Q3: 再帰動詞を覚えるコツはありますか?
A3: 動詞単体ではなく、apaixonar-se porのように「再帰代名詞+前置詞」のセットでフレーズとして暗記するのが一番の近道です。頑張ってください!

Reflexive Pronoun Conjugation

Person Pronoun (BR) Pronoun (PT)
1st Sing (Eu)
me
-me
2nd Sing (Tu)
te
-te
3rd Sing (Ele/Ela/Você)
se
-se
1st Plural (Nós)
nos
-nos
2nd Plural (Vós)
vos
-vos
3rd Plural (Eles/Elas/Vocês)
se
-se

Meanings

Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject of the sentence is also the recipient of the action.

1

Direct Reflexive

The subject performs the action directly on their own body.

“Eu me visto rapidamente.”

“Ela se penteia no espelho.”

2

Reciprocal

Two or more subjects perform the action on each other.

“Eles se amam muito.”

“Nós nos conhecemos na escola.”

3

Inherent/Pronominal

The verb is always used with a pronoun, but the action isn't strictly reflexive.

“Eu me arrependo do que disse.”

“Ele se queixa de tudo.”

Reference Table

Reference table for ポルトガル語の再帰動詞:再帰的意味と非再帰的意味の違い (me, te, se)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Subj + Pronoun + Verb
Eu me lavo
Negative
Subj + Não + Pronoun + Verb
Eu não me lavo
Question
Subj + Pronoun + Verb?
Você se lava?
Infinitive
Verb + Pronoun
Lavar-se
Gerund
Verb + Pronoun
Lavando-se
Past
Subj + Pronoun + Verb (Past)
Eu me lavei

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Vou preparar-me.

Vou preparar-me. (Getting ready for an event)

ニュートラル
Eu vou me preparar.

Eu vou me preparar. (Getting ready for an event)

カジュアル
Vou me arrumar.

Vou me arrumar. (Getting ready for an event)

スラング
Vou me aprontar.

Vou me aprontar. (Getting ready for an event)

Reflexive Pronoun Map

Reflexive Pronouns

Singular

  • me myself
  • te yourself
  • se himself/herself

Plural

  • nos ourselves
  • vos yourselves
  • se themselves

Brazil vs Portugal Placement

Brazil (Proclisis)
Eu me sinto I feel
Portugal (Enclisis)
Eu sinto-me I feel

レベル別の例文

1

Eu me lavo.

I wash myself.

2

Ele se veste.

He gets dressed.

3

Eu me chamo Ana.

My name is Ana.

4

Você se levanta.

You get up.

1

Nós nos divertimos muito.

We have a lot of fun.

2

Eles se conhecem bem.

They know each other well.

3

Eu não me sinto bem.

I don't feel well.

4

Tu te lembras de mim?

Do you remember me?

1

Eu me arrependo do que fiz.

I regret what I did.

2

Eles se queixam do serviço.

They complain about the service.

3

Nós nos esquecemos da hora.

We forgot the time.

4

Ela se dedica aos estudos.

She dedicates herself to studies.

1

Eles se cumprimentaram na rua.

They greeted each other on the street.

2

Eu me vi obrigado a sair.

I saw myself forced to leave.

3

Nós nos preparamos para o exame.

We prepared ourselves for the exam.

4

Ela se orgulha do seu trabalho.

She is proud of her work.

1

Viu-se forçado a tomar uma decisão.

He saw himself forced to make a decision.

2

Arrepender-se-ia se soubesse a verdade.

He would regret it if he knew the truth.

3

Não se deve julgar pelas aparências.

One should not judge by appearances.

4

Eles se haviam conhecido anos antes.

They had met years before.

1

A casa vende-se rapidamente.

The house sells quickly.

2

Diz-se que ele é um gênio.

It is said that he is a genius.

3

Queixou-se de que não fora avisado.

He complained that he hadn't been warned.

4

Sentiu-se-ia melhor se descansasse.

He would feel better if he rested.

間違えやすい

Portuguese Reflexive Verbs: Me, Te, Se (Reflexive vs Non-Reflexive) Reflexive vs. Direct Object Pronouns

Learners confuse 'me' (reflexive) with 'me' (direct object).

Portuguese Reflexive Verbs: Me, Te, Se (Reflexive vs Non-Reflexive) Reflexive vs. Passive 'Se'

Both use 'se'.

Portuguese Reflexive Verbs: Me, Te, Se (Reflexive vs Non-Reflexive) Brazilian vs. European Placement

Learners mix them up.

よくある間違い

Eu lavo.

Eu me lavo.

Missing the reflexive pronoun.

Eu se lavo.

Eu me lavo.

Wrong pronoun for 'Eu'.

Me lavo eu.

Eu me lavo.

Incorrect word order.

Eu lavo-me.

Eu me lavo.

Using PT structure in BR context.

Eles nos divertem.

Eles se divertem.

Wrong pronoun for 'Eles'.

Nós divertimos.

Nós nos divertimos.

Missing pronoun.

Você se levanta?

Você se levanta?

This is correct, but learners often forget the 'se'.

Eu arrependo.

Eu me arrependo.

Inherent reflexive verb missing pronoun.

Ele se queixa-se.

Ele se queixa.

Double pronoun usage.

Nós nos esquecemos.

Nós nos esquecemos.

Correct, but learners often struggle with the conjugation.

Se vende casas.

Vendem-se casas.

Passive voice agreement error.

Ele se teria arrependido.

Ele ter-se-ia arrependido.

Placement in compound tenses.

Diz-se que ele é bom.

Diz-se que ele é bom.

Correct, but learners often use 'se diz'.

Arrependeria-se.

Arrepender-se-ia.

Placement in conditional.

文型パターン

Eu me ___ todos os dias.

Nós nos ___ muito na festa.

Eu não me ___ com o que ele disse.

Ele ___ se ___ cedo.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

Me divertindo muito aqui! #ferias

Texting constant

Vc se sente melhor?

Job Interview common

Eu me dedico totalmente aos projetos.

Travel common

Onde posso me hospedar?

Food Delivery occasional

Vou me servir de um lanche.

Academic common

O autor se refere a...

💡

Consistency

Choose either Brazilian or European placement and stick to it while learning.
⚠️

Don't skip the pronoun

In Portuguese, the pronoun is mandatory for reflexive verbs. Omitting it changes the meaning.
🎯

Inherent Reflexives

Some verbs are always reflexive. Learn them as a unit (e.g., 'arrepender-se').
💬

Regional Nuance

In Brazil, you will hear 'se' used for 'você' very often. In Portugal, it's more formal.

Smart Tips

Remember to include the pronoun when conjugating.

Eu levanto cedo. Eu me levanto cedo.

Use the European placement (enclisis) for a more formal tone.

Eu me sinto honrado. Sinto-me honrado.

Always use 'sentir-se' instead of just 'sentir'.

Eu sinto cansado. Eu me sinto cansado.

Ensure the subject is plural.

Eu me conheço com ele. Nós nos conhecemos.

発音

me (muh), te (tuh), se (suh)

Pronoun stress

Reflexive pronouns are usually unstressed and attached to the verb rhythmically.

Rising for questions

Você se lava? ↑

Indicates a yes/no question.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Remember 'Me, Te, Se' as the 'Mirror Trio'—the action reflects back to the subject.

視覚的連想

Imagine looking into a mirror. The person in the mirror is doing exactly what you are doing. The pronoun is the mirror.

Rhyme

Eu me, tu te, ele se, nós nos, eles se.

Story

João wakes up (se levanta), washes his face (se lava), and looks at himself (se olha) in the mirror. He feels (se sente) ready for the day.

Word Web

metesenosvoslavar-sesentir-se

チャレンジ

Describe your entire morning routine using only reflexive verbs in 5 minutes.

文化メモ

Proclisis (pronoun before verb) is the standard in almost all contexts, even formal ones.

Enclisis (pronoun after verb) is preferred in formal and written language.

Usage follows European Portuguese patterns more closely in formal settings.

Derived from Latin reflexive pronouns (me, te, se).

会話のきっかけ

A que horas você se levanta?

Como você se diverte no fim de semana?

Você já se arrependeu de alguma decisão?

Como se diz 'reflexive' em português?

日記のテーマ

Write about your daily routine.
Describe a time you felt very happy.
Reflect on a past mistake.
Discuss the importance of self-care.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct reflexive pronoun.

Eu ___ lavo todas as manhãs.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: me
Eu requires 'me'.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Both are correct depending on the dialect.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ele se lavo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Conjugation must match the subject.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct word order for BR.
Translate to Portuguese. 翻訳

I regret it.

Answer starts with: a...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Inherent reflexive verb.
Match the subject to the pronoun. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Eu matches me.
Conjugate 'sentir-se' for 'Eles'. Conjugation Drill

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct conjugation for Eles.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Como você está? B: Eu ___ muito bem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct reflexive conjugation.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the correct reflexive pronoun.

Eu ___ lavo todas as manhãs.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: me
Eu requires 'me'.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Both are correct depending on the dialect.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ele se lavo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Conjugation must match the subject.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

divertimos / nos / Nós / muito.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct word order for BR.
Translate to Portuguese. 翻訳

I regret it.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Inherent reflexive verb.
Match the subject to the pronoun. Match Pairs

Eu -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Eu matches me.
Conjugate 'sentir-se' for 'Eles'. Conjugation Drill

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct conjugation for Eles.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Como você está? B: Eu ___ muito bem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct reflexive conjugation.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

5 exercises
Translate to Portuguese 翻訳

I feel happy today.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu me sinto feliz hoje.
Reorder the words to form a correct sentence Sentence Reorder

esqueci / me / Eu / não / de / você / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu não me esqueci de você.
Match the verb to its reflexive meaning Match Pairs

Match these verbs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: all
Select the correct option 選択問題

O que você ___ (fazer) quando se sente triste?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: faz
Fill in the blank 穴埋め問題

Eles ___ (perder-se) no meio da floresta.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se perderam

Score: /5

よくある質問 (8)

They are necessary to show that the subject is performing the action on themselves.

No, it changes the meaning or makes the sentence grammatically incorrect.

Yes, placement is the main difference (proclisis vs enclisis).

Verbs that always require a pronoun, like 'arrepender-se'.

It's used with third-person verbs to indicate an impersonal action.

Yes, for both singular and plural.

Because Brazilian Portuguese prefers proclisis.

Yes, 'sentir-se' is very common.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

me, te, se

Placement rules are more strictly enforced in Spanish.

French high

me, te, se

French uses 'être' for reflexive compound tenses.

German moderate

sich

German only has one reflexive pronoun for third person.

Japanese low

jibun

Japanese does not use reflexive pronouns as verb prefixes.

Arabic low

nafs

Arabic uses a noun-based approach rather than a pronoun-based one.

Chinese low

zìjǐ

Chinese does not use reflexive pronouns as verb prefixes.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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