Formal Basis: Based On, In Accordance With (-에 의거하여)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use -에 의거하여 to state that something is based on, or in accordance with, a specific rule, law, or evidence.
- Attach directly to nouns: '법에 의거하여' (Based on the law).
- Use only in formal contexts like reports, news, or legal documents.
- It acts as a formal adverbial phrase modifying the following verb.
Overview
Korean grammar offers a sophisticated range of expressions to convey causality, justification, and adherence. Among these, -에 의거하여 (-e uigeohayeo) stands out as a highly formal and authoritative construction. It translates most accurately to "based on," "in accordance with," or "pursuant to." Unlike more common causal expressions, this pattern is reserved for contexts demanding precision, objectivity, and an explicit reference to an established authority or foundation.
You will encounter -에 의거하여 predominantly in legal texts, official documents, academic papers, formal business communications, and news reports. Its usage immediately signals that the statement or action presented is not arbitrary but is solidly grounded in a specific, verifiable premise. Understanding its precise application is crucial for advanced learners (CEFR B2) aiming to engage with authentic, formal Korean discourse.
This grammatical structure fundamentally highlights the source of justification. It asserts that a decision, action, or declaration is not merely influenced by something, but is directly derived from and strictly adheres to a pre-existing rule, fact, or principle. The formality of -에 의거하여 makes it unsuitable for everyday conversational Korean.
Its presence elevates the tone of the discourse, signifying a level of rigor and officialdom that is absent in more common expressions. Mastering this pattern allows you to communicate with the exactitude required in professional and academic settings, enabling you to articulate positions with undeniable linguistic authority.
How This Grammar Works
-에 의거하여 lies the Sino-Korean noun 의거 (依據; uigeo). This term is a compound of two Chinese characters: 依 (의; yi), meaning "to rely on" or "to depend on," and 據 (거; ju), meaning "evidence," "basis," or "foundation." Therefore, 의거하다 (uigeohada) literally means "to rely on as a basis" or "to take as a foundation." When combined with the locative particle -에 (-e) and the adverbial connective -하여 (-hayeo), the phrase A에 의거하여 B signifies that action B is undertaken, declared, or justified by relying on basis A. The particle -에 specifies the exact source or grounds for the subsequent action.-하여 component is the adverbial form of the verb 하다 (to do) when appended to 의거. It transforms 의거하다 into an adverbial phrase, allowing it to modify the main verb in the sentence. This structure functions similarly to "by doing X," where X is "relying on a basis." The entire phrase [Noun]에 의거하여 acts as an adverbial modifier, providing the foundational justification for the main clause.-에 의거하여 specifically states that something is done on the grounds of or in strict compliance with something else. It posits the basis as an authoritative premise that dictates or legitimizes the following action or statement.법률에 의거하여, it implies that the decision is a direct, unavoidable consequence of applying the law, leaving no room for subjective interpretation or deviation. This level of stringent justification is what differentiates it from other patterns.헌법에 의거하여 모든 국민은 자유를 누린다.(Heonbeobe uigeohayeo modeun gungmin-eun jayureul nurinda.) – Based on the Constitution, all citizens enjoy freedom.조사 결과에 의거하여 새로운 정책이 수립될 예정이다.(Josa gyeolgwa-e uigeohayeo saeroun jeongchaegi suripdoel yejeongida.) – A new policy is planned to be established based on the investigation results.계약서에 의거하여 지불 기한이 결정됩니다.(Gyeoyakseo-e uigeohayeo jibul gihani gyeoljeongdoemnida.) – The payment due date is determined in accordance with the contract.
Formation Pattern
-에 의거하여 is remarkably straightforward, requiring only a noun. However, the selection of the noun is critical, as it must denote an authoritative source, an established fact, a rule, a principle, or a document. This pattern does not attach to verbs, adjectives, or personal pronouns directly.
Noun + -에 의거하여 | 법 (law) | 법에 의거하여 (beobe uigeohayeo) | Based on the law |
규정 (regulation)| 규정에 의거하여 (gyujeong-e uigeohayeo) | In accordance with the regulation |
원칙 (principle) | 원칙에 의거하여 (wonchig-e uigeohayeo) | Based on the principle |
사실 (fact) | 사실에 의거하여 (sasire uigeohayeo) | Based on the facts |
Noun + -에 의거해
-에 의거하여 is often shortened to -에 의거해 (-e uigeohae). This is a common contraction where the 하 from 하여 is dropped, creating a more concise yet still formal expression. Both forms function identically as adverbial phrases, modifying the main verb of the sentence. The choice between 의거하여 and 의거해 often depends on the desired degree of formality and rhythm in the sentence, with 의거하여 generally being perceived as slightly more traditional and emphatic.
회사 방침에 의거해 인사가 결정되었다. (Hoesa bangchime uigeohae insaga gyeoljeongdoeeotda.) – Personnel decisions were made in accordance with company policy.
정확한 데이터에 의거해 분석 보고서를 작성해야 합니다. (Jeonghwakhan deiteo-e uigeohae bunseok bogoseoreul jakseonghaeya hamnida.) – You must prepare the analysis report based on accurate data.
-에 의거하여 (or -에 의거해) genuinely represents an established, verifiable, or legitimate basis. Using an informal or subjective noun will sound grammatically correct but semantically awkward, as it clashes with the inherent formality and authoritative implication of the pattern.
When To Use It
-에 의거하여 is a cornerstone of formal Korean communication, specifically employed when an action, decision, or statement demands a strong, explicit foundation in an established rule, fact, or principle. Its usage reinforces legitimacy, accountability, and objectivity. Here are the primary contexts where this pattern is indispensable:- 1Legal and Official Documents: This is perhaps the most common domain. Laws, contracts, regulations, court rulings, government notices, and official decrees frequently utilize
-에 의거하여to cite the specific legal or procedural basis for an action or requirement. It leaves no ambiguity about the authority behind the statement.
관련 법규에 의거하여 해당 조치가 취해졌습니다.(Gwallyeon beopgyu-e uigeohayeo haedang jochiga chwihaejyeotseumnida.) – The relevant measures were taken in accordance with the related laws and regulations.
- 1Academic Writing and Research: In theses, dissertations, research papers, and scholarly articles,
-에 의거하여is used to cite theories, methodologies, empirical data, or established findings as the basis for arguments, analyses, or conclusions. It lends academic rigor and intellectual honesty to the work.
선행 연구 결과에 의거하여 이 가설을 설정했습니다.(Seonhaeng yeongu gyeolgwa-e uigeohayeo i gaseoreul seoljeonghaetseumnida.) – We established this hypothesis based on previous research findings.
- 1Formal Business Communication: Company policies, internal reports, official announcements, project plans, and formal emails often employ this pattern to justify decisions, explain procedures, or announce changes. It ensures transparency and adherence to corporate governance.
이사회의 결정에 의거하여 신규 사업 투자가 승인되었습니다.(Isahoeui gyeoljeong-e uigeohayeo singyu saeop tujaga seungindoeeotseumnida.) – New business investment was approved based on the board of directors' decision.
- 1News Reporting and Public Announcements: Journalists and public relations professionals use
-에 의거하여to convey information objectively, citing official sources, police reports, scientific findings, or public records. It establishes credibility and factual grounding for news stories.
경찰 발표에 의거하여 용의자는 현장에서 체포되었다.(Gyeongchal balpyo-e uigeohayeo yonguijaneun hyeonjang-eseo chepodoeeotda.) – Based on the police announcement, the suspect was arrested at the scene.
-에 의거하여 serves to solidify the statement's foundation, making it clear that the information is not speculative or personal, but rather stems from an authoritative and verifiable source. Its deliberate use enhances the perceived trustworthiness and seriousness of the communication.Common Mistakes
-에 의거하여 due to its specific usage implications and subtle distinctions from similar patterns. Understanding these pitfalls is crucial for appropriate application:- 1Using it in Casual Conversation: The most frequent error is applying
-에 의거하여in informal or everyday spoken Korean. Its inherent formality clashes severely with casual contexts, making the speaker sound unnatural, overly stiff, or even pretentious. In daily interactions, simpler expressions like-에 따라(-e ttara, "according to") or basic causal connectives like-아서/어서(-aseo/eoseo, "because") are almost always preferred.
- Incorrect:
배고픔에 의거하여 라면을 끓였다.(Baegopeume uigeohayeo ramyeon-eul kkeuryeotda.) – Based on hunger, I cooked ramen. (Sounds extremely awkward and overly formal for a simple act). - Correct (Casual):
배고파서 라면을 끓였다.(Baegopaseo ramyeon-eul kkeuryeotda.) – I cooked ramen because I was hungry.
- 1Confusion with
-에 따라(-e ttara): Both patterns can be translated as "according to," but their implications differ significantly.
-에 의거하여 | -에 따라 |규정에 의거하여 처리하다 (process according to regulation – strict compliance). | 날씨에 따라 옷을 입다 (dress according to weather – variation). |- Incorrect:
선생님 지시에 의거하여 숙제를 했다.(Seonsaengnim jisie uigeohayeo sukjereul haetda.) – I did homework based on teacher's instructions. (Overly formal; teacher's instructions are guidance, not typically a strict law.) - Correct:
선생님 지시에 따라 숙제를 했다.(Seonsaengnim jisie ttara sukjereul haetda.) – I did homework according to teacher's instructions.
- 1Confusion with
-를 바탕으로(-reul batang-euro): This pattern means "based on" in the sense of "using X as a foundation/background/inspiration."
-에 의거하여 | -를 바탕으로 |증거에 의거하여 유죄를 선고하다 (declare guilty based on evidence – strict legal basis). | 경험을 바탕으로 조언하다 (advise based on experience – personal foundation). |- Incorrect:
책을 읽은 내용에 의거하여 감상문을 썼다.(Chaeg-eul ilgeun naeyong-e uigeohayeo gamsangmun-eul sseotda.) – I wrote a review based on the content I read. (Implies the book content dictated the review strictly, which is unusual for a review.) - Correct:
책을 읽은 내용을 바탕으로 감상문을 썼다.(Chaeg-eul ilgeun naeyong-eul batang-euro gamsangmun-eul sseotda.) – I wrote a review based on the content I read. (The content was the foundation/inspiration).
- 1Omitting the particle
-에: The particle-에is essential.Noun + 의거하여is grammatically incorrect and will be understood as an incomplete or mistaken construction. The particle explicitly marks the preceding noun as the basis.
- Incorrect:
법 의거하여 판결을 내렸다.(Beop uigeohayeo pangyeoreul naeryeotda.) - Correct:
법에 의거하여 판결을 내렸다.(Beobe uigeohayeo pangyeoreul naeryeotda.) – A judgment was rendered based on the law.
-에 의거하여 effectively and accurately.Real Conversations
To reiterate, -에 의거하여 is notably absent from typical everyday conversations in Korean. Its inherent formality and specific function make it unsuitable for casual spoken exchanges among friends, family, or even most professional informal settings. You would sound exceedingly stiff and unnatural if you attempted to use it in speech about daily occurrences or personal opinions.
However, its presence is significant in broadcast media, formal speeches, and specific professional dialogues. When you listen to news anchors, politicians, legal professionals, or academics discussing official matters, you will hear -에 의거하여 used to lend gravity and authority to their statements. For instance, a government official might say, 저희 부처의 공식 입장에 의거하여 말씀드립니다. (Jeohui bucheoui gongsil ipjang-e uigeohayeo malsseumdeurimnida.) – "I am speaking based on our department's official position."
In written form, it is pervasive across formal documents:
- Official Correspondence: A company responding to a customer complaint might write, 당사의 이용 약관에 의거하여 환불이 불가능합니다. (Dangsa-ui iyong yakgwan-e uigeohayeo hwanburi bulganeunghamnaida.) – "Based on our terms of service, a refund is not possible."
- Policy Announcements: A school might announce, 학칙에 의거하여 이번 학기부터 새로운 규칙이 적용됩니다. (Hakchig-e uigeohayeo ibeon hakgibuteo saeroun gyuchigi jeogyongdoemnida.) – "In accordance with school regulations, new rules will apply from this semester."
- Legal Disclosures: Any legal notice or disclaimer would likely contain such phrasing.
Very occasionally, within certain professional circles (e.g., lawyers, government employees, or academics), one might hear -에 의거해 used in a somewhat clipped or semi-informal manner during a discussion about official matters, but this is an exception to the rule and still far from casual. There can also be ironic or humorous usage among close friends, where the speaker intentionally uses overly formal language to mock a situation or emphasize a 'rule' jokingly, but this relies on the listener's recognition of the pattern's usual serious context.
For most learners at the B2 level, the primary focus should be on recognizing -에 의거하여 in formal written contexts and understanding its implications. Active production of this phrase in writing is encouraged for formal tasks, but extreme caution should be exercised before attempting to use it in spoken Korean, particularly outside of very specific, official capacities.
Quick FAQ
-에 의거하여 be used with people as the basis?Not directly. -에 의거하여 requires an abstract or concrete thing (a rule, a fact, a document) as its basis, not a person. You would not say 김 선생님에 의거하여 (based on Mr. Kim). If you want to say something is based on a person's instructions or opinion, you would make the instruction or opinion the noun: 김 선생님의 지시에 의거하여 (based on Mr. Kim's instructions) or 김 선생님의 견해에 의거하여 (based on Mr. Kim's opinion).
Absolutely. For the TOPIK II writing section, especially the essay (Task 54), using formal and sophisticated grammatical structures like -에 의거하여 can significantly boost your score. It demonstrates a high level of proficiency and the ability to construct nuanced, authoritative arguments. Aim to use it once or twice in your essay if the topic allows for citing principles, research, or policies.
-에 의거하여 and -에 의거해?Both are correct and convey the same meaning. -에 의거하여 is the full form and is generally considered slightly more formal and traditional. -에 의거해 is a common contraction, making it more concise and frequently used in contemporary professional writing and formal speech where a slightly less rigid tone is acceptable. The choice often comes down to stylistic preference or the precise level of formality desired in a given context, but both are grammatically sound.
-에 의거하여?No direct casual equivalent carries the same weight of strict adherence and formal justification. For general "according to," you'd use -에 따라. For simple causation ("because of"), various patterns like -아서/어서, -니까, -기 때문에 are used. The inherent formality of -에 의거하여 means that attempting to find a casual substitute would strip away its core meaning of authoritative basis. If the context demands formality, you must use -에 의거하여 or an equivalent formal expression.
-에 의거하여 if the basis is subjective or a personal feeling?No. This pattern strongly implies an objective, established, and verifiable basis. Using it with subjective feelings or personal opinions would be incongruous and sound awkward. For subjective reasons, you would use other causal patterns like 나는 ~라고 생각하기 때문에 (because I think that...), or 내 개인적인 판단에 따르면 (according to my personal judgment).
-에 의거하여?Verbs that indicate a decision, action, judgment, or statement that is carried out based on the preceding authority. Common examples include: 결정하다 (to decide), 처리하다 (to process/handle), 판단하다 (to judge), 시행하다 (to implement), 발표하다 (to announce), 명령하다 (to order), 수립하다 (to establish a plan/policy), 집행하다 (to execute/enforce).
-에 의거하여 always imply legal or written basis?Not exclusively legal, but always implies an established, formal, or verifiable basis. While often found in legal or written contexts, it can refer to scientific facts (과학적 사실에 의거하여 – based on scientific facts) or established principles (보편적 원칙에 의거하여 – based on universal principles) which may not always be codified in law but are widely accepted as authoritative.
Formation Table
| Noun | Particle | Grammar | Full Phrase |
|---|---|---|---|
|
법
|
에
|
의거하여
|
법에 의거하여
|
|
규정
|
에
|
의거하여
|
규정에 의거하여
|
|
사실
|
에
|
의거하여
|
사실에 의거하여
|
|
근거
|
에
|
의거하여
|
근거에 의거하여
|
|
방침
|
에
|
의거하여
|
방침에 의거하여
|
|
계약
|
에
|
의거하여
|
계약에 의거하여
|
Shortened Forms
| Full Form | Shortened Form |
|---|---|
|
-에 의거하여
|
-에 의거해
|
Meanings
This grammar structure indicates that an action or decision is performed in accordance with a specific standard, rule, or evidence.
Legal/Formal Basis
Acting according to a law or regulation.
“규정에 의거하여 처리하겠습니다.”
“헌법에 의거하여 판결이 내려졌다.”
Evidence-based
Acting based on facts or data.
“조사 결과에 의거하여 발표합니다.”
“증거에 의거하여 수사가 진행 중이다.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + 에 의거하여
|
법에 의거하여 처리한다.
|
|
Shortened
|
Noun + 에 의거해
|
규정에 의거해 결정했다.
|
|
Past
|
Noun + 에 의거하여 + V-았다
|
사실에 의거하여 작성했다.
|
|
Future
|
Noun + 에 의거하여 + V-겠다
|
원칙에 의거하여 진행하겠다.
|
|
Noun Modifier
|
Noun + 에 의거한 + Noun
|
법에 의거한 조치.
|
|
Passive
|
Noun + 에 의거하여 + V-어지다
|
규정에 의거하여 처리되었다.
|
Formality Spectrum
법에 의거하여 처리합니다. (Professional vs Casual)
법에 따라서 처리해요. (Professional vs Casual)
법대로 해. (Professional vs Casual)
법대로 해라. (Professional vs Casual)
The Foundation of -에 의거하여
Basis
- 법 Law
- 규정 Rule
- 사실 Fact
Examples by Level
법에 의거하여 합니다.
I do it based on the law.
규정에 의거하여 결정합니다.
I decide based on the rules.
사실에 의거하여 말합니다.
I speak based on facts.
원칙에 의거하여 처리합니다.
I handle it based on principles.
회사의 규정에 의거하여 휴가를 신청했습니다.
I applied for leave based on company rules.
관련 법률에 의거하여 과태료가 부과되었습니다.
A fine was imposed based on relevant laws.
조사 결과에 의거하여 보고서를 작성했습니다.
I wrote the report based on the survey results.
계약서에 의거하여 환불이 가능합니다.
Refunds are possible based on the contract.
정부의 방침에 의거하여 새로운 정책이 발표되었다.
A new policy was announced based on government guidelines.
증거에 의거하여 범인을 체포했습니다.
They arrested the criminal based on evidence.
학칙에 의거하여 학생회장이 선출되었습니다.
The student president was elected based on school regulations.
데이터에 의거하여 마케팅 전략을 수정했습니다.
We revised the marketing strategy based on data.
본 조항은 관련 법령에 의거하여 작성되었습니다.
This clause was drafted in accordance with relevant laws.
과학적 근거에 의거하여 결론을 도출했습니다.
We reached a conclusion based on scientific evidence.
정관에 의거하여 이사회를 소집하기로 했습니다.
We decided to convene the board based on the articles of association.
표준 지침에 의거하여 안전 점검을 실시했습니다.
We conducted a safety inspection based on standard guidelines.
헌법에 의거하여 국민의 권리를 보호해야 합니다.
We must protect the rights of the people based on the Constitution.
역사적 사료에 의거하여 논문을 재구성했습니다.
I reconstructed the thesis based on historical records.
국제 협약에 의거하여 환경 보호 조치를 강화했습니다.
We strengthened environmental protection measures based on international agreements.
판례에 의거하여 이번 소송의 승패가 갈릴 것입니다.
The outcome of this lawsuit will be decided based on legal precedents.
본 계약은 상법에 의거하여 해석되어야 합니다.
This contract must be interpreted in accordance with commercial law.
엄격한 논리적 추론에 의거하여 이론을 정립했습니다.
I established the theory based on strict logical reasoning.
관습법에 의거하여 지역 사회의 분쟁을 해결했습니다.
We resolved the community dispute based on customary law.
윤리 강령에 의거하여 연구자의 책임을 강조했습니다.
I emphasized the researcher's responsibility based on the code of ethics.
Easily Confused
Both mean 'according to'.
Both mean 'based on'.
Sounds similar.
Common Mistakes
친구에 의거하여
친구 말에 따라
날씨에 의거하여
날씨에 따라
기분에 의거하여
기분에 따라
내 생각에 의거하여
내 생각에 따르면
의거해서
의거하여
법을 의거하여
법에 의거하여
의거하다
의거하여
규정에 의거한
규정에 의거하여
사실에 의거해
사실에 의거하여
법률에 의거해
법률에 의거하여
의거함에 따라
의거하여
의거하는 바
의거하여
의거한 결과
의거하여
의거해서 말하면
의거하여 말하면
Sentence Patterns
___에 의거하여 결정했습니다.
___에 의거하여 처리하겠습니다.
___에 의거하여 분석한 결과입니다.
___에 의거하여 조치를 취했습니다.
Real World Usage
본 계약은 관련 법령에 의거하여 작성됨.
사규에 의거하여 징계 조치를 취함.
경찰은 증거에 의거하여 수사를 진행 중이다.
선행 연구에 의거하여 가설을 세웠다.
정부 방침에 의거하여 지원금을 지급한다.
계약서 조항에 의거하여 협상하겠습니다.
Use it for authority
Avoid in casual talk
Pair with formal verbs
The 'Professional' vibe
Smart Tips
Use '-에 의거하여' to cite your sources.
Always use '-에 의거하여' to show authority.
Use '-에 의거하여' instead of '따라'.
Use '-에 의거하여' for methodology.
Pronunciation
Liaison
The 'ㅇ' in 의거하여 is silent, so it flows smoothly.
Formal Flat
법에 의거하여 ↗ 처리합니다 ↘
Professional and authoritative.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of a judge (의거) sitting on a heavy book (basis).
Visual Association
Imagine a judge hitting a gavel on a thick law book. The gavel is the 'action' and the book is the 'basis'.
Rhyme
Formal and grand, use 의거하여 when you take a stand.
Story
A lawyer stands in court. He holds a thick book. He says, 'I act based on this book.' He uses the phrase '법에 의거하여'.
Word Web
Challenge
Write three sentences about your daily routine using 'based on' (e.g., 'Based on my schedule, I wake up at 7').
Cultural Notes
Used in meetings to show you are following the company's manual.
Essential for lawyers and judges.
Used to cite sources.
Derived from the Sino-Korean characters 依 (rely) and 據 (basis).
Conversation Starters
어떤 근거로 이 결정을 내리셨나요?
이 보고서는 무엇을 바탕으로 작성되었나요?
회사의 규정은 어떻게 되나요?
법적 근거가 무엇입니까?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
법에 ___ 처리하겠습니다.
Which is most formal?
Find and fix the mistake:
친구에 의거하여 결정했다.
결정했다 / 규정에 / 의거하여
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Choose the best formal phrase.
___에 의거하여 보고서를 제출했습니다.
규정에 따라 처리해요.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercises법에 ___ 처리하겠습니다.
Which is most formal?
Find and fix the mistake:
친구에 의거하여 결정했다.
결정했다 / 규정에 / 의거하여
Match the context.
Choose the best formal phrase.
___에 의거하여 보고서를 제출했습니다.
규정에 따라 처리해요.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises[의거하여] [계약에] [지불을] [완료했습니다]
In accordance with instructions
Match the following:
증거에 ___ 사실을 확인했습니다.
Which sentence would you see in a contract?
원칙에서 의거하여 결정했습니다.
학교 ___ 의거하여 장학금을 드립니다.
I am speaking based on facts.
Based on the manual
Which one is unnatural?
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
No, it sounds too formal and stiff.
They are similar, but '-에 의거하여' is much more formal.
Use nouns like '법', '규정', '사실', '근거'.
Yes, it is very common in reports and legal documents.
Yes, it is a common shortened form.
Because it requires understanding formal register.
Not directly, you negate the following verb.
No, it must be based on an external standard.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
basado en
Register restriction.
en vertu de
None, very similar.
basierend auf
Formality level.
基づいて
None.
根据
Register.
بناءً على
Syntax.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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