~뿐만 아니라 in 30 Seconds
- Connects two ideas: 'not only X, but also Y'.
- Adds an additional, important element.
- Common in descriptions and lists.
- Essential for complex Korean sentences.
Understanding '~뿐만 아니라'
The Korean phrase '~뿐만 아니라' (pronounced 'ppunman anira') is a crucial connector that translates to 'not only... but also' or 'as well as' in English. It's used to introduce an additional element, idea, or item that complements or expands upon what has already been stated. This phrase is incredibly versatile and is frequently encountered in both spoken and written Korean, making it essential for learners aiming for fluency. Its primary function is to add emphasis to the second part of the statement, indicating that the first part is true, and the second part is also true, often to an equal or greater extent. Think of it as a way to build upon an existing point, showing that there's more to consider. It helps to create more complex and nuanced sentences, allowing speakers to express a wider range of thoughts and connect ideas more effectively. For instance, instead of saying 'I like apples. I also like bananas,' you can use '~뿐만 아니라' to create a smoother and more sophisticated sentence like 'I like apples, and not only that, I also like bananas.' This demonstrates how the phrase elevates simple statements into more elaborate expressions.
- Core Meaning
- To add an additional, often equally important, piece of information or item after a preceding one.
- Usage Scenarios
- Used when listing multiple items, qualities, actions, or ideas where the second part is an addition to the first. It's common in descriptive sentences, comparisons, and explanations where you want to convey that something has multiple facets or components.
저는 사과를 좋아합니다. 뿐만 아니라 저는 바나나도 좋아합니다.
이 식당은 음식이 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 가격도 저렴합니다.
The phrase is instrumental in constructing compound sentences, allowing for more complex expressions of thought. It bridges two related ideas, asserting the truth of both. For example, when describing a person, you might say they are intelligent '뿐만 아니라' also kind. This adds depth to the description, providing a more rounded picture. In academic writing or formal presentations, '~뿐만 아니라' is used to present supporting evidence or to elaborate on a point by adding further justifications or examples. It signals to the listener or reader that more information is forthcoming and that the initial statement should be considered in conjunction with the subsequent one. Mastering this phrase will significantly enhance your ability to articulate complex ideas and engage in more sophisticated conversations in Korean.
- Grammatical Structure
- Typically, '~뿐만 아니라' follows a noun, verb stem, or adjective stem. When it follows a verb or adjective stem, it's often attached directly. It can also be used after a noun phrase.
- Conjunction Function
- It acts as a coordinating conjunction, linking two clauses or phrases that are of equal grammatical rank and importance, with the second clause adding to the first.
그는 똑똑할 뿐만 아니라 마음씨도 착해요.
Constructing Sentences with '~뿐만 아니라'
Mastering the usage of '~뿐만 아니라' involves understanding its grammatical placement and how it interacts with other sentence components. The phrase typically follows the element it modifies, connecting it to an additional element. This creates a natural flow, allowing for the smooth addition of information.
- Following Nouns
- When '~뿐만 아니라' is used after a noun, it often implies that the preceding noun is not the only item or characteristic being discussed. The particle '도' (also) is frequently used with the second noun to emphasize the addition. For example: '저는 책을 좋아합니다. 뿐만 아니라 음악도 좋아합니다.' (I like books. Not only that, but I also like music.) Here, '책' (books) is the first noun, and '음악' (music) is the additional item.
- Following Verb Stems
- When '~뿐만 아니라' follows a verb stem, it indicates that an action is performed, and another action is also performed. The verb stem is directly followed by '~뿐만 아니라'. For instance: '저는 공부를 열심히 할 뿐만 아니라 운동도 열심히 합니다.' (I not only study hard, but I also exercise hard.) The verb stem '하-' from '하다' is used here.
- Following Adjective Stems
- Similarly, with adjective stems, '~뿐만 아니라' adds another descriptive quality. The adjective stem is directly followed by '~뿐만 아니라'. Example: '이 영화는 재미있을 뿐만 아니라 감동적이에요.' (This movie is not only fun, but it is also touching.) The adjective stem '재미있-' from '재미있다' is used.
그녀는 노래를 잘 부를 뿐만 아니라 춤도 잘 춥니다.
It's important to note that the subject of both parts of the sentence is usually the same. If the subjects differ, explicit mention of the second subject might be necessary for clarity. The phrase helps to create a sense of parallelism, where both parts of the sentence are equally emphasized. This structure is common in formal writing and everyday conversation alike, making it a fundamental building block for expressing complex ideas.
- Sentence Structure Variations
- While '~뿐만 아니라' is the most common form, variations exist. For instance, '~뿐 아니라' is a slightly more informal variant. The core function remains the same: adding an additional element. Understanding these nuances helps in comprehending a wider range of Korean expressions.
- Adding Emphasis
- The phrase inherently adds emphasis to the second part of the statement, implying that it is as significant, if not more so, than the first part. This makes it a powerful tool for persuasive writing and articulate speech.
이 가수는 목소리가 좋을 뿐만 아니라 작곡 실력도 뛰어납니다.
Real-World Usage of '~뿐만 아니라'
The phrase '~뿐만 아니라' is ubiquitous in Korean communication, appearing in a wide array of contexts. Understanding where and how it's used will provide valuable insight into its practical application and help you internalize its meaning more effectively. Its versatility makes it a staple in everyday conversations, formal presentations, and written media.
- Everyday Conversations
- In casual conversations, '~뿐만 아니라' is used to add details about people, places, or events. For instance, when describing a friend, one might say, '그 친구는 성격이 좋을 뿐만 아니라 외모도 멋있어요.' (That friend not only has a good personality, but they also look handsome/beautiful.) This is a natural way to provide a more complete picture of someone.
- Media and Entertainment
- News reports, advertisements, and entertainment programs frequently employ '~뿐만 아니라' to highlight multiple positive attributes of a product, service, or celebrity. For example, a TV commercial might say, '이 제품은 성능이 뛰어날 뿐만 아니라 디자인도 세련되었습니다.' (This product not only has excellent performance, but its design is also sophisticated.)
- Academic and Professional Settings
- In more formal contexts, such as lectures, presentations, or written reports, '~뿐만 아니라' is used to build arguments, present evidence, and provide comprehensive explanations. A professor might state, '이 이론은 설명력이 좋을 뿐만 아니라 실용성도 높습니다.' (This theory not only has explanatory power, but it also has high practicality.)
이번 여행은 날씨가 좋을 뿐만 아니라 경치도 아름다웠습니다.
Listening to Korean dramas, movies, or podcasts will expose you to numerous examples of '~뿐만 아니라' in action. Pay attention to how native speakers use it to connect ideas and add emphasis. For instance, in a cooking show, a chef might say, '이 재료는 맛이 좋을 뿐만 아니라 건강에도 좋습니다.' (This ingredient not only tastes good, but it is also good for health.) This highlights multiple benefits.
- Written Materials
- Books, articles, websites, and social media posts all utilize '~뿐만 아니라' to convey information concisely and effectively. When reading Korean texts, actively look for this phrase and analyze the two elements it connects. This will train your brain to recognize its structure and meaning automatically.
- Formal Speeches and Debates
- In more formal speeches or debates, '~뿐만 아니라' is used to present multifaceted arguments or to acknowledge multiple perspectives. It adds weight to a speaker's claims by showing that they have considered various aspects of an issue. For example, a politician might say, '우리는 경제 성장을 추구할 뿐만 아니라 사회적 형평성도 고려해야 합니다.' (We must not only pursue economic growth but also consider social equity.)
이 도시는 역사적인 유적을 가지고 있을 뿐만 아니라 현대적인 편의시설도 잘 갖추고 있습니다.
Avoiding Pitfalls with '~뿐만 아니라'
While '~뿐만 아니라' is a common and useful phrase, learners sometimes make mistakes that can lead to awkward or incorrect sentences. Understanding these common errors will help you use the phrase more accurately and naturally.
- Incorrect Particle Usage
- A frequent mistake is omitting or incorrectly using particles, especially '도' (also) after the second element. While not always mandatory, '도' significantly enhances the meaning of addition and is very common. For example, saying '저는 사과를 좋아합니다. 뿐만 아니라 저는 바나나 좋아합니다.' is less natural than '저는 사과를 좋아합니다. 뿐만 아니라 저는 바나나도 좋아합니다.' The particle '도' clearly signals that bananas are an additional item of liking.
- Confusing with Similar Structures
- Learners might confuse '~뿐만 아니라' with other conjunctions that express addition or consequence. For instance, using it where a simple '그리고' (and) would suffice, or misinterpreting its additive function as a causal one. '~뿐만 아니라' specifically adds information, it doesn't inherently imply a cause-and-effect relationship.
- Incorrect Placement
- The phrase should directly follow the element it's adding to. Placing it too early or too late in the sentence can disrupt the grammatical flow. For example, '뿐만 아니라 저는 사과를 좋아합니다. 저는 바나나도 좋아합니다.' is incorrect. The phrase must connect the two elements it's linking.
Mistake: 저는 공부를 열심히 할 뿐만 아니라, 운동도 열심히 합니다. (Corrected: 저는 공부를 열심히 할 뿐만 아니라 운동도 열심히 합니다.)
Another common pitfall is using '~뿐만 아니라' when the second element is a contradiction or a contrasting idea, rather than an addition. The phrase is strictly for adding information. If you want to express contrast, you should use phrases like '하지만' (but) or '그러나' (however).
- Overuse or Underuse
- Some learners might overuse '~뿐만 아니라' in simple sentences where '그리고' would be more natural, making their speech sound repetitive. Conversely, others might avoid it altogether, leading to choppy sentences that could be more elegantly connected. Finding the right balance is key.
- Ignoring Verb/Adjective Stem Conjugation
- When attaching '~뿐만 아니라' to verb or adjective stems, learners must ensure the stem is correctly identified and that no inappropriate conjugation endings are inserted before '~뿐만 아니라'. For example, it's '재미있을 뿐만 아니라' not '재미있을는 뿐만 아니라'.
Mistake: 이 영화는 재미있을 뿐만 아니라, 그리고 감동적이에요. (Corrected: 이 영화는 재미있을 뿐만 아니라 감동적이에요.)
Exploring Alternatives to '~뿐만 아니라'
While '~뿐만 아니라' is a highly effective phrase for expressing 'not only... but also,' Korean offers several other ways to convey similar meanings, each with its own nuances in formality, emphasis, and grammatical structure. Understanding these alternatives can enrich your Korean expression and allow you to choose the most appropriate phrase for any given situation.
- ~도 (also, too)
- This is the simplest way to indicate addition. It's a particle that attaches directly to nouns, pronouns, or adverbs. While it means 'also' or 'too,' it doesn't have the explicit 'not only' structure of '~뿐만 아니라'. Example: '저는 사과를 좋아해요. 바나나도 좋아해요.' (I like apples. I like bananas too.) This is less emphatic than using '~뿐만 아니라'.
- -고 (and)
- The connective ending '-고' is used to link two verbs or adjectives, meaning 'and'. It's a straightforward way to list actions or states. Example: '저는 사과를 좋아하고 바나나도 좋아해요.' (I like apples and I also like bananas.) This is more basic than '~뿐만 아니라' and doesn't carry the 'not only' emphasis.
- -며 / -면서
- These are connective endings used to link clauses, often implying simultaneous actions or states. '-며' is more formal and literary, while '-면서' is more common in speech and can indicate 'while' or 'as'. Example: '그는 똑똑하며 성실합니다.' (He is smart and diligent.) This is similar to '-고' but can sometimes carry a slightly more integrated sense of the two clauses.
Comparison:
- ~뿐만 아니라: Not only A, but also B. (Emphasizes both A and B, with B as an additional, often equally important, element.)
- -고: A and B. (Simple conjunction, lists A and B.)
- ~도: also, too. (Attaches to Nouns/Pronouns to indicate addition.)
For a more emphatic 'not only... but also' structure, especially in formal contexts, one might use phrases that build upon the core idea. However, '~뿐만 아니라' is generally the most direct and widely used equivalent for this specific English phrase.
- -기까지 하다 (to the extent of doing something)
- This structure implies an extreme or surprising addition. It means 'to even do X'. While it involves addition, it carries a stronger sense of going beyond expectations. Example: '그는 칭찬을 받을 뿐만 아니라 상까지 받았다.' (He not only received praise, but he even received an award.) The '상까지 받았다' part uses '-까지' for emphasis, and could be considered a more emphatic addition than a simple '-도'.
- -는 것은 물론이고
- This phrase is a more formal and emphatic way to say 'not only... but also'. It literally translates to 'It goes without saying that X, and also Y'. Example: '그의 연기는 훌륭했는 것은 물론이고 그의 연출 또한 인상 깊었다.' (His acting was excellent, and it goes without saying that his directing was also impressive.) This is often used in reviews or formal analyses.
Formal Alternative Example:
그는 뛰어난 학업 성취를 이룰 뿐만 아니라 다양한 봉사 활동에도 적극적으로 참여했습니다.
Using '-는 것은 물론이고' for similar meaning:
그는 뛰어난 학업 성취를 이룰 것은 물론이고 다양한 봉사 활동에도 적극적으로 참여했습니다.
How Formal Is It?
Fun Fact
The combination of '뿐' and '만' both meaning 'only' might seem redundant, but this repetition in Korean grammar often serves to strengthen or emphasize the meaning. The '아니라' part plays a crucial role in transforming this seemingly contradictory structure into the 'not only... but also' meaning.
Pronunciation Guide
- Pronouncing 'pp' as aspirated (like 'p' in 'pen').
- Making the vowels too long or slurred.
- Misplacing the stress, for example, emphasizing the last syllable.
- Confusing the 'r' sound in '라' with an English 'l'.
- Not clearly articulating each syllable, leading to a mushy sound.
Difficulty Rating
At the B1 CEFR level, learners are expected to understand '~뿐만 아니라' in written texts. While it's a common phrase, its use in complex sentences can sometimes require careful parsing. Understanding the two elements being connected is key to comprehension.
B1 learners are encouraged to start using '~뿐만 아니라' in their writing to create more sophisticated sentences. However, correct grammatical attachment and appropriate particle usage can be challenging, requiring practice.
Similar to writing, B1 learners should aim to incorporate '~뿐만 아니라' into their spoken Korean to enhance fluency and expressiveness. Practicing with native speakers or in language exchange settings is beneficial.
Recognizing '~뿐만 아니라' in spoken Korean is important for comprehension at the B1 level. Its common usage in everyday conversations and media makes it a frequent encounter for learners.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Grammar to Know
Connecting clauses with conjunctions
The phrase '~뿐만 아니라' is a conjunctive phrase that links two independent clauses or phrases, indicating addition. Other conjunctions like '-고' (and), '-지만' (but), and '-거나' (or) serve different linking functions.
Use of particles after nouns
When '~뿐만 아니라' follows a noun, particles like '도' are often used with the second noun to reinforce the additive meaning. For example, '사과뿐만 아니라 바나나도'.
Verb and Adjective Stem Conjugation
When '~뿐만 아니라' is attached to verb or adjective stems, it follows the stem directly without further conjugation, e.g., '재미있을 뿐만 아니라'.
Parallel Structure
Sentences using '~뿐만 아니라' often exhibit parallel structure, where the grammatical form of the two connected elements is similar (e.g., noun + noun, verb + verb).
Emphasis and Nuance
The choice of connector significantly impacts the nuance of a sentence. '~뿐만 아니라' specifically adds emphasis to the second part, implying it's as important as the first.
Examples by Level
저는 사과를 좋아해요. 뿐만 아니라 바나나도 좋아해요.
I like apples. Not only that, but I also like bananas.
This sentence introduces a second liked fruit after the first.
이 책은 재미있어요. 뿐만 아니라 유익해요.
This book is fun. Not only that, but it is also informative.
Adding a second positive quality to the book.
그 사람은 친절해요. 뿐만 아니라 똑똑해요.
That person is kind. Not only that, but they are also smart.
Describing two positive personality traits.
날씨가 좋아요. 뿐만 아니라 바람도 시원해요.
The weather is good. Not only that, but the wind is also cool.
Adding a second pleasant aspect of the weather.
저는 커피를 마셔요. 뿐만 아니라 차도 마셔요.
I drink coffee. Not only that, but I also drink tea.
Listing two beverages the speaker drinks.
이 식당은 음식이 맛있어요. 뿐만 아니라 분위기도 좋아요.
This restaurant's food is delicious. Not only that, but the atmosphere is also good.
Highlighting two positive aspects of a restaurant.
저는 영화를 봐요. 뿐만 아니라 음악도 들어요.
I watch movies. Not only that, but I also listen to music.
Listing two leisure activities.
그는 노래를 잘 불러요. 뿐만 아니라 춤도 잘 춰요.
He sings well. Not only that, but he also dances well.
Listing two talents of a person.
이 도시는 역사적인 유적을 가지고 있을 뿐만 아니라 현대적인 편의시설도 잘 갖추고 있습니다.
This city not only has historical ruins but is also well-equipped with modern amenities.
Connecting historical and modern aspects of a city.
그녀는 똑똑할 뿐만 아니라 마음씨도 착해요.
She is not only smart, but she is also kind-hearted.
Describing both intellectual and emotional qualities.
이 제품은 성능이 뛰어날 뿐만 아니라 디자인도 세련되었습니다.
This product not only has excellent performance, but its design is also sophisticated.
Highlighting functional and aesthetic qualities of a product.
저는 한국어를 공부할 뿐만 아니라 중국어도 배우고 싶어요.
I not only want to study Korean, but I also want to learn Chinese.
Expressing interest in learning multiple languages.
이 식당은 음식이 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 가격도 저렴합니다.
This restaurant's food is not only delicious, but the prices are also cheap.
Combining food quality and affordability.
이번 여행은 날씨가 좋을 뿐만 아니라 경치도 아름다웠습니다.
This trip was not only blessed with good weather, but the scenery was also beautiful.
Describing two positive aspects of a trip.
그는 뛰어난 학업 성취를 이룰 뿐만 아니라 다양한 봉사 활동에도 적극적으로 참여했습니다.
He not only achieved excellent academic results, but he also actively participated in various volunteer activities.
Combining academic success with social contribution.
이 영화는 재미있을 뿐만 아니라 감동적이에요.
This movie is not only fun, but it is also touching.
Describing a movie's dual emotional impact.
그는 뛰어난 리더십을 발휘할 뿐만 아니라 팀원들의 사기를 북돋는 능력도 탁월합니다.
He not only demonstrates excellent leadership but also possesses an outstanding ability to boost team morale.
Highlighting both leadership and motivational skills.
이 기술은 효율성을 높일 뿐만 아니라 환경에도 긍정적인 영향을 미칩니다.
This technology not only increases efficiency but also has a positive impact on the environment.
Connecting technological advancement with environmental benefit.
저는 이번 프로젝트를 성공적으로 완수할 뿐만 아니라 새로운 아이디어도 제안할 수 있었습니다.
I not only successfully completed this project, but I was also able to propose new ideas.
Indicating both completion and innovation.
그 회사는 제품의 품질을 보장할 뿐만 아니라 고객 서비스에도 최선을 다하고 있습니다.
That company not only guarantees product quality but also strives for excellent customer service.
Emphasizing commitment to both product and service.
이 정책은 경제 성장을 촉진할 뿐만 아니라 사회적 불평등을 완화하는 데에도 기여할 것입니다.
This policy will not only promote economic growth but will also contribute to alleviating social inequality.
Linking economic progress with social equity.
그의 연설은 청중에게 깊은 영감을 줄 뿐만 아니라 실질적인 행동을 촉구했습니다.
His speech not only deeply inspired the audience but also urged them to take practical action.
Highlighting both inspirational and motivational aspects of a speech.
이 예술 작품은 시각적으로 아름다울 뿐만 아니라 깊은 철학적 메시지를 담고 있습니다.
This artwork is not only visually beautiful but also contains a profound philosophical message.
Combining aesthetic appeal with intellectual depth.
우리는 현재의 문제점을 해결할 뿐만 아니라 미래를 위한 대비책도 마련해야 합니다.
We must not only solve the current problems but also prepare countermeasures for the future.
Emphasizing both immediate problem-solving and future planning.
그의 저서는 방대한 학문적 깊이를 자랑할 뿐만 아니라 대중적인 이해를 돕기 위한 명료한 서술로 독자들에게 큰 호응을 얻고 있다.
His writings not only boast extensive academic depth but also garner great acclaim from readers for their clear narration that aids popular understanding.
Connecting academic rigor with accessible writing style.
이 혁신적인 기술은 생산성을 획기적으로 향상시킬 뿐만 아니라 관련 산업의 패러다임을 근본적으로 변화시킬 잠재력을 지니고 있습니다.
This innovative technology not only dramatically improves productivity but also possesses the potential to fundamentally change the paradigm of related industries.
Highlighting immediate impact and long-term transformative potential.
정부는 국민의 안전을 보장할 뿐만 아니라 지속 가능한 경제 발전을 위한 다각적인 정책을 추진해야 할 것입니다.
The government must not only ensure the safety of its citizens but also pursue multifaceted policies for sustainable economic development.
Balancing security with long-term economic strategy.
그 배우는 역할에 깊이 몰입할 뿐만 아니라 캐릭터의 미묘한 감정선까지 완벽하게 표현해내는 능력이 탁월합니다.
That actor not only deeply immerses himself in his roles but also possesses an exceptional ability to perfectly portray the subtle emotional arcs of the characters.
Focusing on both deep immersion and nuanced emotional portrayal.
이 연구는 기존의 이론을 비판적으로 검토할 뿐만 아니라 새로운 연구 방향을 제시함으로써 학계에 신선한 자극을 주고 있습니다.
This research not only critically examines existing theories but also provides a fresh impetus to academia by proposing new research directions.
Connecting critical analysis with forward-looking proposals.
문화 교류는 상호 이해를 증진시킬 뿐만 아니라 국제 사회의 화합에도 크게 기여할 수 있습니다.
Cultural exchange not only promotes mutual understanding but can also greatly contribute to harmony in the international community.
Linking understanding with global peace.
그 기업은 사회적 책임을 다할 뿐만 아니라 윤리적인 경영을 통해 지속 가능한 성장을 추구하고 있습니다.
That corporation not only fulfills its social responsibilities but also pursues sustainable growth through ethical management.
Combining corporate social responsibility with ethical business practices.
이 소설은 흡입력 있는 스토리텔링을 선보일 뿐만 아니라 인간 본성에 대한 깊이 있는 통찰을 제공합니다.
This novel not only presents compelling storytelling but also offers deep insights into human nature.
Connecting narrative engagement with profound thematic exploration.
그의 문학 작품은 언어적 기교의 정수를 보여줄 뿐만 아니라 인간 존재의 근원적인 고뇌를 섬세하게 포착하여 독자들에게 깊은 울림을 선사한다.
His literary works not only showcase the pinnacle of linguistic artistry but also deliver profound resonance to readers by delicately capturing the fundamental anguish of human existence.
Emphasizing mastery of language and profound existential themes.
본 연구는 기존의 이론적 틀을 비판적으로 해체할 뿐만 아니라 새로운 학문적 지평을 열어젖힘으로써 해당 분야의 발전에 지대한 공헌을 할 것으로 기대된다.
This study is expected not only to critically deconstruct existing theoretical frameworks but also to make a significant contribution to the development of the field by opening up new academic horizons.
Connecting deconstruction of the old with the creation of the new.
국제 사회는 당면한 위기를 극복할 뿐만 아니라 미래 세대를 위한 지속 가능한 번영의 토대를 구축하는 데 총력을 기울여야 할 것이다.
The international community must not only overcome the immediate crisis but also exert its full efforts to build a foundation for sustainable prosperity for future generations.
Balancing immediate crisis management with long-term global prosperity.
그 지휘자의 해석은 악곡의 본질을 꿰뚫을 뿐만 아니라 청중에게 전에 없던 감동적인 경험을 선사하는 독창성을 보여준다.
The conductor's interpretation not only pierces the essence of the musical piece but also demonstrates originality by offering the audience an unprecedentedly moving experience.
Highlighting both deep understanding and innovative audience engagement.
이 복잡한 사회 현상은 다층적인 원인을 내포하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 그 파급 효과 또한 예측하기 어려울 정도로 광범위하다.
This complex social phenomenon not only encompasses multilayered causes but also has ripple effects that are so extensive as to be difficult to predict.
Emphasizing both the intricacy of causes and the unpredictability of consequences.
기업의 사회적 책임은 단순한 윤리적 의무를 넘어설 뿐만 아니라 장기적인 기업 가치 창출의 핵심 동력으로 작용해야 한다.
Corporate social responsibility must not only transcend mere ethical obligation but also act as a core driving force for long-term value creation.
Connecting ethical responsibility with strategic business value.
그의 예술은 시각적 아름다움을 추구할 뿐만 아니라 사회 비판적인 메시지를 담아냄으로써 예술의 본질적인 역할을 재정의하고 있다.
His art not only pursues visual beauty but also redefines the essential role of art by embodying a socially critical message.
Highlighting the dual function of aesthetics and social commentary.
인공지능 기술은 편의성을 증대시킬 뿐만 아니라 인간의 창의성과 협업 방식을 근본적으로 재편할 가능성을 내포하고 있다.
Artificial intelligence technology not only increases convenience but also harbors the potential to fundamentally reshape human creativity and collaboration methods.
Connecting immediate utility with transformative potential for human endeavors.
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— This is the most common pattern, explicitly stating 'not only X, but also Y'. The particle '도' after the second element reinforces the idea of addition.
저는 사과를 좋아합니다. 뿐만 아니라 바나나도 좋아합니다.
— A slightly more emphatic version of '~뿐만 아니라 ~도', using '역시' (also, as well) for additional emphasis.
이 제품은 성능이 뛰어납니다. 뿐만 아니라 디자인도 역시 세련되었습니다.
— This phrase adds a surprising or extreme element with '까지' (even). It emphasizes that the second item goes beyond the first.
그는 칭찬을 받을 뿐만 아니라 상까지 받았다.
— A general structure where 'A' is the first element and 'B' is the additional element being introduced.
그는 똑똑합니다. 뿐만 아니라 마음씨도 착해요.
— Using '또한' (also, in addition) for further emphasis after '~뿐만 아니라 ~도'.
이 기술은 효율성을 높입니다. 뿐만 아니라 환경도 또한 긍정적인 영향을 미칩니다.
— Connecting a noun with a verb clause, indicating that both are true or relevant.
저는 공부뿐만 아니라 노래도 잘해요.
Often Confused With
'-고' is a simple conjunction meaning 'and'. It connects two items or actions without the emphasis of addition or the 'not only' structure found in '~뿐만 아니라'.
'~도' is a particle meaning 'also' or 'too'. It attaches to nouns or pronouns to indicate addition, but it doesn't form the complete 'not only... but also' phrase on its own.
These connective endings link clauses, often implying simultaneous actions or states. They are less emphatic about the additive nature than '~뿐만 아니라'.
Idioms & Expressions
— This idiom translates to 'One's arms bend inward.' It means that people tend to favor their own family or close relations over others, or that people naturally lean towards their own interests. It's not directly related to '~뿐만 아니라' but illustrates a concept of inherent tendency or preference, which can sometimes be added to with '~뿐만 아니라'.
그는 동생을 돕는 것이 당연하다고 생각한다. 역시 팔은 안으로 굽는다는 말이 맞다. (He thinks it's natural to help his younger brother. Indeed, the saying 'one's arms bend inward' is true.)
— This idiom means 'The words that go must be beautiful for the words that come to be beautiful.' It emphasizes the importance of speaking kindly and respectfully, as this will likely lead to receiving kind words in return. It's a principle of reciprocity in communication. Example: 상대방에게 항상 예의 바르게 말해야 한다. 가는 말이 고와야 오는 말이 곱다는 것을 잊지 말자.
친절하게 말하는 것은 중요합니다. 가는 말이 고와야 오는 말이 곱다는 것을 명심해야 합니다. (Speaking kindly is important. We must remember that 'the words that go must be beautiful for the words that come to be beautiful.')
— This idiom translates to 'The person who is supposed to give the rice cake is not even thinking about it, but one is already drinking the kimchi soup.' It means to be overly optimistic or to count one's chickens before they hatch; to anticipate something that is not guaranteed.
아직 합격 통보도 받지 않았는데 벌써 축하 파티를 준비하다니, 떡 줄 사람은 생각도 안 하는데 김칫국부터 마신다는 말이 딱 맞네. (You're already preparing a celebration party before even receiving the acceptance notification; the saying 'the person who is supposed to give the rice cake is not even thinking about it, but one is already drinking the kimchi soup' fits perfectly.)
— Literally 'The day you go is market day.' This idiom means that something inconvenient or unfortunate happens at exactly the wrong time, or that a particular event coincides with another significant, often inconvenient, event.
급하게 은행에 가려 했는데 문이 닫혀 있었다. 가는 날이 장날이다더니, 오늘이 휴일이었나 보다. (I tried to go to the bank urgently, but the door was closed. It seems like 'the day you go is market day', today must be a holiday.)
— Literally 'The belly button is bigger than the stomach.' This idiom means that the secondary or incidental expenses or issues are greater than the main cost or problem, or that a part is disproportionately larger than the whole.
이 수리비는 원래 가격보다 더 비싸다. 정말 배보다 배꼽이 더 크다는 말이 맞네. (This repair cost is more expensive than the original price. It's true that 'the belly button is bigger than the stomach'.)
— This idiom means 'Starting is half the battle.' It emphasizes the importance of beginning a task, as the hardest part is often getting started.
어떤 일이든 시작이 반이다라는 말처럼, 일단 시작하면 끝까지 해낼 수 있을 거예요. (Like the saying 'starting is half the battle', once you start, you'll be able to finish it.)
— This idiom means 'Even a journey of a thousand li begins with a single step.' It conveys the idea that any large or long undertaking can be achieved by taking it one step at a time.
이 어려운 프로젝트를 성공시키려면 천 리 길도 한 걸음부터라는 마음으로 꾸준히 노력해야 합니다. (To make this difficult project successful, we must work steadily with the mindset that 'even a journey of a thousand li begins with a single step'.)
— This idiom translates to 'Birds hear the words said during the day, and mice hear the words said at night.' It means that one should be careful about what they say, as secrets can easily be overheard and spread. It emphasizes the importance of discretion.
아무도 듣지 않는다고 함부로 말하면 안 된다. 낮말은 새가 듣고 밤말은 쥐가 듣는다는 속담을 명심해야 한다. (You shouldn't speak carelessly just because no one is listening. We must remember the proverb 'birds hear the words said during the day, and mice hear the words said at night'.)
— Literally 'Fixing the barn after losing the cow.' This idiom means to take action only after it's too late, to lock the barn door after the horse has bolted.
문제가 발생하고 나서야 대책을 마련하는 것은 소 잃고 외양간 고친다는 말과 같다. (Preparing countermeasures only after a problem occurs is like 'fixing the barn after losing the cow'.)
— This idiom means 'Even a stone bridge should be tapped before crossing.' It advises caution and thoroughness, even when a situation seems safe or straightforward.
이 일은 쉬워 보이지만 돌다리도 두들겨 보고 건너라는 말처럼 신중하게 처리해야 합니다. (Although this task seems easy, we must handle it cautiously, as the saying goes, 'even a stone bridge should be tapped before crossing'.)
Easily Confused
The particle '만' itself means 'only'. The phrase '~뿐만 아니라' contains '만', which can lead to confusion if the learner focuses solely on the meaning of 'only'.
In '~뿐만 아니라', '만' is part of a fixed phrase. While '뿐' and '만' both mean 'only', their combination with '아니라' creates a specific additive meaning ('not only... but also'). The standalone particle '만' is used to restrict or limit a noun (e.g., '사과만 좋아해요' - 'I only like apples').
I only like apples: 저는 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>만</mark> 좋아해요. (Using the particle '만') I like apples, and also bananas: 저는 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 바나나도 좋아해요. (Using the phrase '~뿐만 아니라')
'뿐' means 'only' or 'just'. It can be used independently or as part of other grammatical structures, potentially causing confusion with the fuller phrase '~뿐만 아니라'.
'뿐' alone is often used after nouns or verb stems to indicate exclusivity. '~뿐만 아니라' is a more complex phrase that negates exclusivity to introduce an additional element. For example, '그것뿐이야' means 'That's all.' whereas '~뿐만 아니라' introduces something else.
That's all: 그것<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐</mark>이야. Not only that, but also...: 그것<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 다른 것도 있어.
'아니라' is the negative connective form of '이다' (to be), meaning 'is not'. Its presence in '~뿐만 아니라' can be counterintuitive when the overall meaning is affirmative ('not only... but also').
Standalone '아니라' is used to negate a noun or pronoun, often followed by the correct one. For example, '이것은 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>아니라</mark> 바나나예요.' (This is not an apple, but a banana.) In '~뿐만 아니라', '아니라' functions as a grammatical connector that, in combination with '뿐만', negates the idea of exclusivity, thus allowing for addition.
This is not an apple, but a banana: 이것은 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>아니라</mark> 바나나예요. Not only apples, but also bananas: 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 바나나도 좋아요.
Both '~뿐만 아니라' and '-어서/-아서' are sentence connectors. However, '-어서/-아서' primarily indicates reason, cause, or sequence, not addition.
'-어서/-아서' links clauses where the first clause provides the reason or the preceding action for the second. '~뿐만 아니라' strictly adds a second, equally valid, piece of information. You cannot use '~뿐만 아니라' to explain 'why' something happened.
I couldn't go because it rained: 비가 오<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>아서</mark> 못 갔어요. (Using '-어서' for reason) I like apples, and also bananas: 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 바나나도 좋아해요. (Using '~뿐만 아니라' for addition)
Both '~뿐만 아니라' and '-지만' are sentence connectors. However, '-지만' indicates contrast or concession, not addition.
'-지만' connects two clauses where the second clause presents a contrast or an unexpected outcome in relation to the first. '~뿐만 아니라' connects clauses where the second adds to or complements the first.
The weather is good, but it's cold: 날씨는 좋<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>지만</mark> 추워요. (Using '-지만' for contrast) The food is good, and the price is also cheap: 음식이 맛있을 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 가격도 저렴해요. (Using '~뿐만 아니라' for addition)
Sentence Patterns
Noun + 뿐만 아니라 + Noun + 도
저는 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 바나나<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>도</mark> 좋아해요.
Verb Stem + ~ㄹ/을 뿐만 아니라
저는 공부<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>할 뿐만 아니라</mark> 운동도 해요.
Adjective Stem + ~ㄹ/을 뿐만 아니라
이 영화는 재미있<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>을 뿐만 아니라</mark> 감동적이에요.
Noun + 뿐만 아니라 + Verb Clause
그는 똑똑함<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 마음씨도 착해요.
Verb Clause + 뿐만 아니라 + Noun
공부하<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>는 것뿐만 아니라</mark> 숙제도 해야 해요.
Noun + 뿐만 아니라 + Noun + 까지
그는 칭찬을 받을 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 상<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>까지</mark> 받았다.
Noun + 뿐만 아니라 + Noun + 도 역시
이 제품은 성능이 뛰어납니다. <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 디자인<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>도 역시</mark> 세련되었어요.
Formal written pattern: Noun + ~는 것은 물론이고
그의 연기는 훌륭했<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>는 것은 물론이고</mark> 그의 연출 또한 인상 깊었다.
Word Family
Related
How to Use It
High
-
Omitting '도' after the second noun.
→
저는 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 바나나<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>도</mark> 좋아해요.
While not always mandatory, omitting '도' makes the sentence sound less natural and less emphatic. '도' clearly signals that the second item is an additional item of liking.
-
Using it to express contrast instead of addition.
→
날씨는 좋<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>지만</mark> 추워요. (The weather is good, but it's cold.)
'~뿐만 아니라' is for addition. For contrast, use conjunctions like '-지만' or '하지만'. Using '~뿐만 아니라' for contrast would be grammatically incorrect and confusing.
-
Incorrect attachment to verb/adjective stems.
→
그는 똑똑<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>할 뿐만 아니라</mark> 마음씨도 착해요.
The phrase attaches directly to the stem. Adding incorrect endings before '~뿐만 아니라' (e.g., '똑똑할<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>는</mark> 뿐만 아니라') is a common error.
-
Using it redundantly with '그리고'.
→
저는 사과<mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 바나나도 좋아해요.
Adding '그리고' (and) after '~뿐만 아니라' is redundant because '~뿐만 아니라' already serves as a connector indicating addition. The phrase itself implies 'and also'.
-
Connecting unrelated ideas.
→
그녀는 노래를 잘 불러요. <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 춤도 잘 춰요.
Connecting unrelated ideas makes the sentence illogical. The two parts connected by '~뿐만 아니라' should be complementary or additive, not disparate.
Tips
Emphasize the Addition
Remember that '~뿐만 아니라' is used to add information. The second part of the sentence is often presented as equally or more important than the first. Use it when you want to highlight that there's more to the story or description.
Maintain Parallelism
For clearer and more natural sentences, try to maintain parallel grammatical structures for the two parts being connected. If the first part is a noun, try to connect it with another noun. If it's a verb phrase, connect it with another verb phrase.
Connect to 'More!'
Think of '~뿐만 아니라' as saying 'And there's MORE!' It's a signal that you're adding something extra to what's already been said. Imagine adding another scoop to your ice cream cone – you're not replacing the first, you're adding to it!
Describe Your Favorites
Practice using '~뿐만 아니라' by describing things you like. For example, 'I like cats 뿐만 아니라 dogs too.' Or, 'This movie is interesting 뿐만 아니라 funny.' This active recall helps solidify the usage.
Listen for the 'And Also'
When listening to Korean, train yourself to recognize '~뿐만 아니라' as the signal for 'and also' or 'not only'. Pay attention to what comes before and after it to understand the full meaning.
Build Around It
Once you're comfortable with '~뿐만 아니라', try to learn related words and phrases like '뿐', '만', and '아니라' individually to deepen your understanding of Korean grammar. Also, explore formal alternatives like '-는 것은 물론이고'.
Observe Native Usage
Pay attention to how native Korean speakers use '~뿐만 아니라' in various contexts – from casual conversations to formal speeches. This will give you a better sense of its natural flow and appropriate application.
Connect Related Ideas
The core function of '~뿐만 아니라' is to connect related ideas. Ensure the two parts you are linking have a logical connection to make your sentences clear and coherent.
Avoid Redundancy
Be careful not to use other conjunctions like '그리고' (and) immediately after '~뿐만 아니라', as it can be redundant. The phrase itself already signifies addition.
Use it in Descriptions
This phrase is excellent for making your descriptions richer. Instead of just saying 'It's good,' you can say 'It's good 뿐만 아니라 it's also useful!' This adds depth and detail.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Imagine you're at a buffet. You take a plate of delicious food (뿐만). Then, you see even more amazing desserts, so you take those too (아니라!). You're not just taking one thing; you're taking multiple things. 'Not only this, but also that!'
Visual Association
Picture a scale. On one side, there's an apple. On the other side, there's a banana, and the scale is balanced, showing both are equally liked. The phrase '~뿐만 아니라' is like the beam of the scale, connecting the two equally weighted items.
Word Web
Challenge
Try to describe your favorite meal using '~뿐만 아니라'. For example, 'My favorite meal is kimchi stew. 뿐만 아니라 I also love bibimbap.' Then, try describing your favorite hobby, listing at least two activities.
Word Origin
The phrase '~뿐만 아니라' is a compound grammatical structure derived from simpler Korean words and particles. '뿐' means 'only', '만' is another particle for 'only', and '아니라' is the negative connective form of the verb '이다' (to be). Together, they form a phrase that negates the idea that the first part is the *only* thing, thereby introducing an additional element.
Original meaning: Literally, it can be broken down as 'only (뿐) + only (만) + is not (아니라)', which paradoxically creates the meaning of 'not only... but also'. The 'is not' part negates the exclusivity of the first part, thus allowing for an addition.
KoreanicCultural Context
The phrase is generally neutral and widely applicable across different social contexts. Its use does not carry any specific cultural sensitivities or taboos. It is a standard grammatical tool for expressing additive information.
In English-speaking cultures, similar concepts are expressed using 'not only... but also', 'as well as', or simply by listing items with 'and'. The Korean phrase offers a specific grammatical structure to achieve this.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Describing personal preferences and hobbies
- 저는 책을 좋아해요. <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 영화도 좋아해요.
- 저는 그림 그리는 것을 좋아해요. <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 글쓰기도 즐겨 해요.
Describing people's qualities
- 그녀는 똑똑할 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 마음씨도 착해요.
- 그는 리더십이 있을 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 팀원들과도 잘 지내요.
Reviewing products or services
- 이 제품은 성능이 뛰어날 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 디자인도 세련되었어요.
- 이 식당은 음식이 맛있을 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 가격도 합리적이에요.
Discussing travel destinations
- 이 도시는 역사적인 유적이 있을 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 현대적인 편의시설도 잘 갖추고 있어요.
- 이번 여행은 날씨가 좋을 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 경치도 아름다웠어요.
Explaining academic or professional concepts
- 이 이론은 설명력이 좋을 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 실용성도 높습니다.
- 그의 연구는 학문적 깊이가 있을 <mark class='bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 px-0.5 rounded'>뿐만 아니라</mark> 사회적으로도 의미가 있습니다.
Conversation Starters
"What are some things you like to do on the weekend? And what else do you enjoy doing?"
"Tell me about your favorite food. What makes it so special, and are there any other dishes you love?"
"Describe a person you admire. What qualities do they possess, and what else makes them admirable?"
"What are your plans for the upcoming holiday? Is there anything else you're looking forward to?"
"What are some of the benefits of learning Korean? And what are some other advantages you've found?"
Journal Prompts
Write about your favorite season. Describe why you like it, and what other aspects of that season you enjoy.
Describe your ideal living situation. What are the key features you're looking for, and what other things would make it perfect?
Think about a skill you've learned. What was the process like, and what other skills have you acquired or wish to acquire?
Reflect on a recent trip or experience. What were the highlights, and what other memorable moments did you have?
Imagine you could have any superpower. What would it be, and what other abilities would you wish for?
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsThe literal breakdown is 'only (뿐) + only (만) + is not (아니라)'. This seems contradictory, but grammatically, it functions to negate the exclusivity of the first part, thereby introducing an additional element. So, paradoxically, 'not only X is true, but also Y is true' is the intended meaning.
Yes, '~뿐만 아니라' can be used after pronouns. For example, '저뿐만 아니라 제 친구도 그 영화를 좋아해요.' (Not only I, but my friend also likes that movie.)
While not strictly mandatory in all cases, using '도' (also) after the second element is very common and makes the sentence sound more natural and emphatic, especially when connecting nouns or noun phrases. It clearly signals the additive nature of the second part.
It's best to connect ideas that are logically related or complementary. While you can technically connect dissimilar things, the sentence might sound awkward or forced. The phrase works best when adding more information about the same topic or subject.
'~뿐만 아니라' emphasizes that both parts are true and that the second part is an additional, often equally important, element. '-고' is a simple conjunction meaning 'and', which just lists two items or actions without special emphasis on addition.
No, '~뿐만 아니라' functions as a connector between two phrases or clauses. It must follow the first element it is modifying and cannot start a sentence on its own.
Yes, '~뿐 아니라' is a slightly more casual and informal version. It carries the same meaning but is more common in everyday speech.
In formal settings, you might see more complex sentence structures and the use of alternative phrases like '-는 것은 물론이고'. In informal settings, '~뿐 아니라' might be preferred, and the sentence structure might be simpler.
Yes, you can use '~뿐만 아니라' with past tense verb stems. For example, '저는 어제 공부했을 뿐만 아니라 친구도 만났어요.' (Yesterday, I not only studied but also met a friend.)
If the subject changes, it's often clearer to explicitly state the new subject. For example, '저는 사과를 좋아해요. 뿐만 아니라 그 친구도 바나나를 좋아해요.' (I like apples. Not only that, but my friend also likes bananas.)
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Summary
The phrase '~뿐만 아니라' is a fundamental connector in Korean, translating to 'not only... but also'. It's used to add a second, often equally significant, piece of information or item after a preceding one, enhancing sentence complexity and expressiveness.
- Connects two ideas: 'not only X, but also Y'.
- Adds an additional, important element.
- Common in descriptions and lists.
- Essential for complex Korean sentences.
Emphasize the Addition
Remember that '~뿐만 아니라' is used to add information. The second part of the sentence is often presented as equally or more important than the first. Use it when you want to highlight that there's more to the story or description.
Maintain Parallelism
For clearer and more natural sentences, try to maintain parallel grammatical structures for the two parts being connected. If the first part is a noun, try to connect it with another noun. If it's a verb phrase, connect it with another verb phrase.
Connect to 'More!'
Think of '~뿐만 아니라' as saying 'And there's MORE!' It's a signal that you're adding something extra to what's already been said. Imagine adding another scoop to your ice cream cone – you're not replacing the first, you're adding to it!
Describe Your Favorites
Practice using '~뿐만 아니라' by describing things you like. For example, 'I like cats 뿐만 아니라 dogs too.' Or, 'This movie is interesting 뿐만 아니라 funny.' This active recall helps solidify the usage.
Example
그는 스마트폰뿐만 아니라 태블릿도 가지고 있습니다.
Related Content
This Word in Other Languages
More business words
에 대한
A2Concerning or relating to; about, regarding.
~대하여
A2About, concerning, regarding.
대해서
A2Concerning or with regard to; about, regarding.
에 대해
A2About; regarding.
풍요롭다
A2To be abundant, prosperous, or rich.
관철하다
B2To carry through, achieve, or persist in one's will or goal until it is accomplished, despite difficulties.
~에 따라
B1According to, depending on; as stated by or determined by.
에 따라
A2According to; in accordance with.
에 의하면
B1According to; as stated by or reported by.
계좌번호
A2A unique identifier for a bank account.
