A1 Nouns & Articles 16 min read 简单

葡萄牙语复数:以 R, S, Z 结尾的单词 (-es)

以 R, S, Z 结尾的名词和形容词,变复数时只需要在末尾加上 -es 就行啦!

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

To make nouns ending in R, S, or Z plural, simply add -es to the end of the word.

  • If a word ends in R, add -es: 'mar' becomes 'mares'.
  • If a word ends in S, add -es: 'país' becomes 'países'.
  • If a word ends in Z, add -es: 'luz' becomes 'luzes'.
Noun(R/S/Z) + es = Plural Noun

Overview

### Overview
你好!很高兴能以老师的身份为你讲解葡萄牙语的语法。对于刚开始学习葡萄牙语(A1阶段)的同学来说,名词和形容词的“复数”变化是必须要跨越的一道关卡。在中文里,我们表达复数非常简单,比如“花”是“花”,“很多花”还是“花”,或者加个“们”。但在葡萄牙语中,名词和形容词必须根据数量发生变化,这就像是给句子穿上了“配套的衣服”。
今天我们要学习一个非常重要且规律的规则:当单词以 rsz 结尾时,我们要如何将其变成复数。在葡萄牙语中,这类词不能直接加 -s,而是要加上 -es。这听起来可能有点复杂,但其实非常符合发音逻辑。中文里我们没有这种词尾变化,所以初学者往往会觉得不习惯,甚至想直接加个 -s 了事。但请记住,葡萄牙语是一种非常讲究“节奏感”和“发音顺滑度”的语言。如果直接在 rsz 后面加 -s,发音会变得非常拗口。这就好比你在说中文时,如果强行在某些字后面加一个奇怪的辅音,会觉得舌头打结一样。所以,这个 -es 其实是一个“助推器”,帮我们顺畅地读出复数形式。掌握了这个规律,你在阅读和表达时会自信很多!
### How This Grammar Works
为什么一定要加 -es 而不是直接加 -s 呢?我们可以从中文的思维方式来理解。中文是孤立语,词形不随语法功能变化;而葡萄牙语是屈折语,词尾的变化承载了语法信息。当你看到 rsz 这些辅音结尾的词时,它们的发音往往是“硬”的。如果我们强行在后面加一个 -s,比如 flor (花) 变成 *flors,这在葡萄牙语的音节结构中是很难发音的,因为两个辅音连在一起会造成“发音阻塞”。
你可以把 -es 中的这个 e 看作是一个“润滑剂”或者“连接符”。它把原本硬邦邦的词尾变成了一个可以轻松发音的音节。比如 professor (老师),加上 -es 变成 professores,发音变成了 pro-fes-so-res,读起来朗朗上口,非常有节奏感。这种现象在语言学上叫“音节补全”。
我们来做一个对比:
| 中文语法结构 | 葡萄牙语语法结构 |
| :--- | :--- |
| 名词本身不变化(如:老师、很多老师) | 名词词尾变化(如:professor、professores) |
| 通过量词或修饰语表示复数(如:三本书) | 通过词尾变化表示复数(如:três livros) |
在中文里,我们通过增加词汇(比如“们”、“一些”)来表示复数。而在葡萄牙语里,你需要养成一种“扫描词尾”的习惯。当你看到 rsz 结尾的词,大脑里就要立刻反应出:哦,这是个特殊情况,要加 -es!这就像我们在淘宝购物时,看到不同的商品规格需要点击不同的选项一样,这是一种固定的操作流程。只要你多练习几次,这种“词尾预判”就会变成你的肌肉记忆。
### Formation Pattern
这个规则非常稳定,几乎没有例外。只要词尾是 rsz,直接在后面加 -es 即可。下面是具体的构成模式:
基本公式:单数形式 + es = 复数形式
| 结尾字母 | 单数 (Singular) | 复数 (Plural) | 中文意思 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| -r | flor | flores | 花 |
| -r | professor | professores | 老师 |
| -s | mês | meses | 月份 |
| -s | país | países | 国家 |
| -z | feliz | felizes | 开心的 |
| -z | voz | vozes | 声音 |
记住这个口诀:“R、S、Z结尾,复数加ES,发音更顺嘴。” 无论名词还是形容词,只要符合这个结尾,规则一律通用。这比中文的语法逻辑要严谨得多,因为它是强制性的。在中文里,你说“我看书”和“我看书们”是不对的,但在葡萄牙语里,如果你不加 -es,就像是在写错别字一样,对方会立刻听出你的语法错误。
### When To Use It
这个规则在日常生活中无处不在。当你去咖啡厅点餐,或者在大学校园里讨论课程时,你时刻都在用它。
  1. 1描述数量时:比如 Dois hambúrgueres (两个汉堡)。hambúrguerr 结尾,复数必须是 hambúrgueres
  2. 2描述状态时:形容词也遵循这个规则。比如 Eles estão felizes (他们很开心)。felizz 结尾,复数就是 felizes
  3. 3谈论时间或地理时:比如 Três meses (三个月),Vários países (多个国家)。
在中文里,我们说“很多国家”,这里的“很多”是修饰词。但在葡萄牙语里,你需要把名词本身变成复数,即 países。这意味着你在说出口之前,需要先判断名词的结尾。这对于中国学生来说是一个思维上的转变:从“关注修饰语”转向“关注词尾”。通过在日常对话中刻意练习这些词,比如把 professor 变成 professores,你会发现这其实是在给你的句子“加码”,让你的葡语听起来更地道。
### Common Mistakes
作为一名中国学生,由于母语(中文)没有词尾变化,我们非常容易犯以下错误:
  1. 1直接加 -s 的冲动:这是最常见的错误。因为英语里大部分复数加 -s,或者受中文思维影响,觉得加个字母就行了。比如把 professor 写成 *professors为什么会这样? 因为大脑想偷懒,直接套用最简单的模式。记住:葡语里凡是 r, s, z 结尾的,直接加 -s 是违法的!
  2. 2忽略重音符号的变化:比如 mês 变成 meses 时,很多人会写成 *mêses为什么会这样? 因为我们习惯了“照搬”单数词干。其实,当重音位置发生改变,或者为了发音顺滑,原来的重音符号可能需要去掉。这是一个进阶的拼写细节,需要多加注意。
  3. 3在形容词上犯懒:很多同学记得给名词加复数,却忘了给形容词加。比如 As flores feliz为什么会这样? 因为中文里形容词永远不变化,我们没有“形容词要跟着名词变”的这种语法逻辑。请记住:葡语中,形容词必须和名词“穿得一样”。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
为了让你更清楚,我们来看一下对比表:
| 结尾类型 | 复数规则 | 例子 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 元音结尾 (a, e, i, o, u) | 直接加 -s | casa -> casas |
| -r, -s, -z 结尾 | 加 -es | flor -> flores |
| -m 结尾 | 变 m 为 ns | homem -> homens |
通过这个表你可以看出,-es 只是复数变化中的一种。中文里我们没有这种分类,所以建议你把这些规则当成“分类整理”来记忆。就像你在微信里给好友分类一样,把单词按结尾归类,这样记起来就不会乱了。
### Quick FAQ
Q1: 如果一个词以 -s 结尾,但它本来就是复数形式,该怎么办?
A: 这是一个好问题!有些词(如 lápis - 铅笔)单数就是以 s 结尾的。在这种情况下,它的复数形式通常不变,是通过前面的冠词(如 os lápis)来体现复数的。这属于特殊情况,A1阶段先掌握基础规则即可。
Q2: 所有的形容词都要加 -es 吗?
A: 只有以 r, s, z 结尾的形容词才加 -es。如果形容词以元音结尾,直接加 -s 就可以了。记住:形容词的变化永远跟随它所修饰的名词。
Q3: 为什么 país 变成 países 时,那个重音符号还在?
A: 这是一个为了保持发音的特殊处理。如果不加重音,ie 连在一起可能会被读成一个音节,加上重音是为了明确告诉读者:这里要断开读,是 pa-í-ses。这就像中文里的拼音标注一样,是为了让你读得准!
加油!这只是葡语学习的第一步,多读几遍这些词,你会发现这些规则其实就像旋律一样自然!

Pluralization Patterns

Singular Ending Plural Example
Mar
R
Mares
O mar / Os mares
País
S
Países
O país / Os países
Luz
Z
Luzes
A luz / As luzes
Rapaz
Z
Rapazes
O rapaz / Os rapazes
Hambúrguer
R
Hambúrgueres
O hambúrguer / Os hambúrgueres
Gás
S
Gases
O gás / Os gases

Meanings

This rule governs how to transform singular nouns ending in specific consonants into their plural forms.

1

Standard Pluralization

Converting a singular noun to plural when it ends in a consonant.

“O mar é azul.”

“Os mares são azuis.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 葡萄牙语复数:以 R, S, Z 结尾的单词 (-es)
结尾字母 单数例子 复数例子 中文意思
R
Professor
Professores
老师们
R
Flor
Flores
花朵
S
Mês
Meses
月份
S
País
Países
国家
Z
Feliz
Felizes
快乐的
Z
Voz
Vozes
声音
Z
Luz
Luzes
灯光
R
Cor
Cores
颜色

正式程度

正式
As luzes são brilhantes.

As luzes são brilhantes. (Describing a room)

中性
As luzes estão brilhando.

As luzes estão brilhando. (Describing a room)

非正式
As luzes brilham muito.

As luzes brilham muito. (Describing a room)

俚语
As luzes tão brilhando.

As luzes tão brilhando. (Describing a room)

-ES 复数变化图解

复数后缀 -es

R 结尾

  • Professor 老师
  • Flor

S 结尾

  • Mês 月份
  • País 国家

Z 结尾

  • Luz 灯光
  • Feliz 快乐

单数 vs. 复数 (-es)

单数 (一个)
Um ator 一位男演员
Uma vez 一次
复数 (多个)
Dois atores 两位男演员
Muitas vezes 多次

我该加 -es 吗?

1

单词是以 R, S, 或 Z 结尾吗?

YES
进入下一步
NO
使用其他复数规则
2

重音是在最后一个音节吗?

YES
加上 -es
NO ↓

常见的 -ES 复数词汇

👥

人物

  • Professores
  • Atores
  • Juízes

时间与概念

  • Meses
  • Vezes
  • Dores
📦

物品

  • Luzes
  • Cores
  • Flores

按水平分级的例句

1

O mar é grande.

The sea is big.

2

Os mares são grandes.

The seas are big.

3

A luz está acesa.

The light is on.

4

As luzes estão acesas.

The lights are on.

1

O rapaz estuda muito.

The boy studies a lot.

2

Os rapazes estudam muito.

The boys study a lot.

3

O país é lindo.

The country is beautiful.

4

Os países são lindos.

The countries are beautiful.

1

O hambúrguer é delicioso.

The burger is delicious.

2

Os hambúrgueres são deliciosos.

The burgers are delicious.

3

A gravidez é um momento especial.

Pregnancy is a special moment.

4

As gravidezes são monitoradas.

The pregnancies are monitored.

1

O cartaz está na parede.

The poster is on the wall.

2

Os cartazes estão nas paredes.

The posters are on the walls.

3

O juiz decidiu o caso.

The judge decided the case.

4

Os juízes decidiram os casos.

The judges decided the cases.

1

O verniz protege a madeira.

The varnish protects the wood.

2

Os vernizes são resistentes.

The varnishes are resistant.

3

O gás é perigoso.

The gas is dangerous.

4

Os gases são tóxicos.

The gases are toxic.

1

O xadrez é um jogo complexo.

Chess is a complex game.

2

Os xadrezes são variados.

The chess games are varied.

3

O revés foi inesperado.

The setback was unexpected.

4

Os reveses da vida.

The setbacks of life.

容易混淆

Portuguese Plurals: Words ending in R, S, Z (-es) 对比 Vowel Plurals

Learners often add -es to words ending in vowels.

Portuguese Plurals: Words ending in R, S, Z (-es) 对比 M to NS

Learners confuse -es with -ns.

Portuguese Plurals: Words ending in R, S, Z (-es) 对比 L to IS

Learners confuse -es with -is.

常见错误

os mar

os mares

Forgot to pluralize the noun.

mars

mares

Added only 's' instead of '-es'.

as luz

as luzes

Forgot to pluralize the noun.

os país

os países

Forgot to pluralize the noun.

os rapazes

os rapazes

Correct, but ensure article matches.

os hambúrguer

os hambúrgueres

Forgot to pluralize the noun.

as luzes

as luzes

Correct, check gender.

os juizes

os juízes

Forgot the accent mark.

os gases

os gases

Correct, but ensure spelling.

os cartazes

os cartazes

Correct.

os reveses

os reveses

Correct.

os vernizes

os vernizes

Correct.

os gases

os gases

Correct.

句型

Os ___ são muito bonitos.

Eu vi os ___ na rua.

Os ___ estão acesos.

Os ___ foram difíceis.

Real World Usage

Travel very common

Eu visitei muitos países.

Food common

Dois hambúrgueres, por favor.

Social Media common

As luzes da cidade estão lindas!

Law occasional

Os juízes decidiram o caso.

Education common

Os rapazes estudam juntos.

Work occasional

Os cartazes estão prontos.

💡

发音小贴士

加上 '-es' 后会多出一个音节。在 professores 中,结尾的发音听起来像 'ez' 或 'ish'。
⚠️

小帽子不见了

注意像 mês 这样的词。变复数 meses 时,那个小帽子(重音符号)就不需要了哦。
🎯

形容词也要变

如果名词是复数,形容词也要跟着变。比如要说 Homens felizes,不能说 Homens feliz

Smart Tips

Always check the last letter first.

O mar -> O mars O mar -> Os mares

Don't forget the article.

Mares são azuis. Os mares são azuis.

Focus on the 'esh' sound.

Os paí-ses Os pa-Í-zes

Look for the -es suffix.

O rapaz Os rapazes

发音

pa-EE-zes

Stress shift

In words like 'país' -> 'países', the stress moves to the 'í'.

Declarative

Os mares são azuis ↘

Stating a fact.

记住它

记忆技巧

Remember 'RSZ' as 'Really Super Zesty'—if the word is zesty (ends in R, S, Z), add -es!

视觉联想

Imagine a sea (mar) filled with many seas (mares). The extra 'es' is like an extra wave crashing on the shore.

Rhyme

If it ends in R, S, or Z, add -es to set it free!

Story

A boy (rapaz) went to the country (país) by the sea (mar). He saw many boys (rapazes), many countries (países), and many seas (mares).

Word Web

MarRapazLuzPaísHambúrguerGásJuizCartaz

挑战

Find 5 objects in your room that end in R, S, or Z and write their plural forms.

文化笔记

In Brazil, the final 's' is often pronounced as 'sh' in some regions.

In Portugal, the final 's' is often pronounced as 'sh' as well, but the vowels are more closed.

Angolan Portuguese follows the same grammatical rules but with distinct rhythmic patterns.

The -es suffix comes from the Latin plural marker '-es'.

对话开场白

Quantos países você conhece?

Você gosta de hambúrgueres?

Como são os rapazes da sua turma?

Você já viu as luzes da cidade?

日记主题

Descreva os países que você visitou.
Liste três coisas que você vê no mar.
Escreva sobre os desafios (reveses) que você superou.
Como as luzes da cidade mudam seu humor?

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

填入括号中单词的正确复数形式。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
以 'r' 结尾的单词(如 'flor')需要加 '-es' 变复数。
哪句话在语法上是正确的?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
形容词 'feliz' 以 'z' 结尾,所以复数形式是 'felizes'。
找出并修正复数形式中的错误。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
'Mês' 变复数是 'meses',并且要去掉重音符号,因为重音位置已经很明确了。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Pluralize 'mar'.

O ___ (mar) é azul.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mares
Add -es to R.
Select the correct plural. 多项选择

Qual é o plural de 'país'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: países
Add -es.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Os rapaz são legais.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os rapazes são legais.
Pluralize noun and article.
Make plural. Sentence Transformation

O hambúrguer é bom.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os hambúrgueres são bons.
Pluralize all.
Pluralize the word. Conjugation Drill

Luz -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Luzes
Add -es.
Match singular to plural. Match Pairs

Mar, País, Luz

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mares, Países, Luzes
Correct forms.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Add -es to words ending in R, S, Z.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Verdadeiro
Correct rule.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Onde estão os ___? B: Estão ali.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: rapazes
Plural noun needed.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
将 'ator' 变为复数形式。 填空

Os (ator) ___ do filme são brasileiros.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: atores
纠正 'luz' 的复数拼写。 Error Correction

Apague as luzs, por favor.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Apague as luzes, por favor.
重新排列单词组成正确的句子。 Sentence Reorder

são / as / vozes / lindas / muito

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: As vozes são muito lindas
将 'Three months' 翻译成葡萄牙语。 翻译

“三个月”用葡萄牙语怎么说?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Três meses
将单数单词与其对应的复数形式连线。 Match Pairs

匹配单复数:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dor - dores, vez - vezes, mar - mares
选出正确的复数形式。 多项选择

'país' 正确的复数形式是哪一个?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: países
填入 'colher'(勺子)的复数形式。 填空

Preciso de duas (colher) ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: colheres
修正形容词的复数形式。 Error Correction

Eles são rapazes capazs.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eles são rapazes capazes.
选出复数形式不变化的单词。 多项选择

哪个单词的单复数形式是一样的?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ônibus
将 'cor' 变为复数。 填空

Eu gosto de todas as (cor) ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cores

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

It makes pronunciation easier for consonant-ending words.

No, only R, S, and Z. Other consonants have different rules.

Words ending in L usually change to -is (e.g., animal -> animais).

No, in words like 'país', the stress shifts to the 'í'.

Yes, always match the article to the plural noun.

This rule is very consistent for these letters.

It sounds like 'esh' in most dialects.

Yes, loanwords ending in these letters usually follow this rule.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

-es

The rules for stress and accentuation differ slightly.

French moderate

-s

Portuguese -es is always pronounced.

German low

-e / -er / -en

German uses multiple suffixes based on gender.

Japanese none

None

Japanese relies on context.

Arabic low

Broken plurals

Arabic is non-concatenative.

Chinese none

None

Chinese lacks inflection.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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