B2 · Intermediário superior Capítulo 17

The Passive Voice: Focusing on the Action

8 Regras totais
82 exemplos
7 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Shift the focus from the 'who' to the 'what' and master professional German communication.

  • Construct the werden-Passiv to describe ongoing processes.
  • Distinguish between agents (von) and means (durch) with precision.
  • Use passive alternatives like 'sich lassen' to sound more natural and academic.
Master the art of objective and sophisticated German expression.

O que você vai aprender

Ready to fine-tune your German and sound truly native? This chapter is where you unlock the power of the German passive voice, a crucial skill for expressing yourself with precision and nuance. We'll move beyond simple 'who did what' sentences and dive deep into how to focus on the action, the result, or the event itself, without always needing to name the actor. Think of how news reports or official statements often describe events – that's the passive voice in action! You'll kick things off with the fundamental 'werden-Passiv' – the workhorse for describing what is being done. Then, you'll master the subtle but important distinctions between 'von' and 'durch' when you *do* need to mention who or what caused an action, making your explanations crystal clear. Ever wondered how Germans talk about a completed state, like 'the window is closed,' rather than 'the window was closed by someone'? That's the 'Zustandspassiv,' and you'll learn to use it effortlessly. We’ll also tackle the impersonal passive for when the actor is irrelevant or unknown – think general observations, like 'Es wird getanzt!' (Dancing is happening!). And for that ultimate native touch, you'll explore elegant alternatives to the passive, such as 'sich lassen' and the incredibly versatile 'man' construction. These aren't just grammar rules; they're your secret weapons for speaking German more naturally, actively, and smoothly, allowing you to sidestep clunky passive phrases. By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand the passive voice; you'll *command* it, using it to describe complex situations, processes, and results with the confidence of an upper-intermediate speaker. Get ready to sound more authentic and sophisticated!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Transform active sentences into werden-Passiv across different tenses.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly identify when to use 'von' versus 'durch' to describe the cause of an action.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe completed states using the Zustandspassiv.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Employ passive substitutes like 'sich lassen' and 'man' to vary sentence structure.

Guia do capítulo

Overview

Welcome, B2 German learners! Ready to elevate your German grammar and sound truly native? This chapter is your key to mastering the German passive voice, an indispensable skill for expressing yourself with precision and nuance.
Moving beyond simple 'who did what' sentences, we'll dive deep into how to focus on the action, the result, or the event itself, without always needing to name the actor. Think of how news reports or official statements often describe events – that's the passive voice in action! It's a hallmark of sophisticated B2 German communication.
You’ll kick things off with the fundamental werden-Passiv – the workhorse for describing what is being done. Then, you'll master the subtle but important distinctions between von and durch when you *do* need to mention who or what caused an action, making your explanations crystal clear. Ever wondered how Germans talk about a completed state, like 'the window is closed,' rather than 'the window was closed by someone'?
That's the Zustandspassiv, and you'll learn to use it effortlessly. We’ll also tackle the impersonal passive for when the actor is irrelevant or unknown – think general observations, like Es wird getanzt! (Dancing is happening!).
And for that ultimate native touch, you'll explore elegant alternatives to the passive, such as sich lassen and the incredibly versatile man construction. These aren't just grammar rules; they're your secret weapons for speaking German more naturally, actively, and smoothly, allowing you to sidestep clunky passive phrases. By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand the passive voice in German; you'll *command* it, using it to describe complex situations, processes, and results with the confidence of an upper-intermediate speaker.
Get ready to sound more authentic and sophisticated!

How This Grammar Works

The core of the German passive voice is the werden-Passiv, which describes an action being performed. It's formed with the auxiliary verb werden conjugated for the subject, plus the Partizip II (past participle) of the main verb. For example, Das Buch wird gelesen (The book is being read).
When you want to specify *who* performed the action, you use von + Dativ: Das Buch wird von der Studentin gelesen (The book is being read by the student). If you're indicating the *means* or *cause* of an action, use durch + Akkusativ: Das Fenster wurde durch den Ball zerbrochen (The window was broken by the ball).
For describing a *state* or *result* rather than an ongoing action, we use the Zustandspassiv. This is formed with sein (to be) + Partizip II. For instance, Das Fenster ist geschlossen (The window is closed) describes the state of the window, not the act of closing it.
The impersonal passive is used when the actor is irrelevant or unknown, often starting with Es: Es wird hier nicht geraucht (No smoking is allowed here).
The passive can also be combined with modal verbs. This structure uses the modal verb + Partizip II + werden. For example, Die Arbeit muss heute erledigt werden (The work must be done today).
To avoid the passive, especially in spoken German, sich lassen is a great alternative, meaning something
allows itself to be done
or can be done: Das lässt sich leicht reparieren (That can be easily repaired). Another common passive substitute is the indefinite pronoun man, which translates to one or people and makes a statement general: Man spricht hier Deutsch (German is spoken here / People speak German here). Mastering these options will significantly enhance your B2 German fluency.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: Das Fenster ist geschlossen werden.
Correct: Das Fenster wird geschlossen. (The window is being closed.) OR Das Fenster ist geschlossen. (The window is closed.)
*Explanation:* This error mixes the auxiliary verbs for werden-Passiv and Zustandspassiv. Werden is for the action (is being closed), sein is for the state (is closed). You cannot use sein *and* werden together in this way for a simple passive construction.
  1. 1Wrong: Der Brief wurde mit dem Postboten geschickt.
Correct: Der Brief wurde von dem Postboten geschickt. (The letter was sent by the postman.)
*Explanation:* When indicating the *agent* (the person or thing performing the action), you must use von + Dativ. Mit (with) is incorrect here; it usually indicates an instrument or accompaniment.
  1. 1Wrong: Es wurde viel gelacht und getanzt. (Referring to a specific group of people who laughed and danced.)
Correct: Es wurde viel gelacht und getanzt. (Much laughing and dancing happened.) OR Sie haben viel gelacht und getanzt. (They laughed and danced a lot.)
*Explanation:* The impersonal passive Es wird getanzt is for general statements where the agent is unknown or unimportant. If you know who did it and want to emphasize them, use an active construction or a different passive form. The first sentence is grammatically correct as an impersonal passive but might be a common mistake if the speaker *intends* to refer to specific people without making it clear. It's often misused when a more active or agent-focused sentence is appropriate.

Real Conversations

A

A

Schau mal, das neue Rathaus wird gerade gebaut. (Look, the new town hall is currently being built.)
B

B

Ja, ich habe gehört, es soll nächstes Jahr fertiggestellt werden. (Yes, I heard it's supposed to be finished next year.)
A

A

Die Tür ist offen. Sollte sie nicht geschlossen sein? (The door is open. Shouldn't it be closed?)
B

B

Oh, stimmt! Sie wurde wahrscheinlich vom Wind aufgestoßen. (Oh, right! It was probably blown open by the wind.)
A

A

Man sagt, dass in diesem Restaurant das beste Schnitzel der Stadt serviert wird. (It is said that the best schnitzel in the city is served in this restaurant.)
B

B

Wirklich? Das lässt sich doch leicht überprüfen! Lass uns hingehen. (Really? That can be easily checked! Let's go there.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What is the main difference between werden-Passiv and Zustandspassiv in German grammar?

The werden-Passiv describes an *action* in progress (wird gemacht - is being done), while the Zustandspassiv describes a *state* or *result* after an action has occurred (ist gemacht - is done/finished).

Q

Can I use the passive voice with all German verbs?

No, only transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object in the active voice) can form the werden-Passiv. Intransitive verbs (like schlafen - to sleep, or gehen - to go) cannot form a personal passive, though some can be used in the impersonal passive (Es wird geschlafen - Sleeping is happening).

Q

How do I correctly use von vs. durch in the German passive voice?

Use von + Dativ when specifying the *agent* (the person or living being performing the action). Use durch + Akkusativ when referring to the *means* or *cause* (the inanimate object or abstract concept that caused the action).

Q

Are there simple ways to avoid the passive voice in B2 German writing?

Absolutely! Common alternatives include using the indefinite pronoun man (Man spricht Deutsch), the reflexive construction sich lassen (Das lässt sich machen), or simply rephrasing the sentence actively if the agent is known and relevant.

Cultural Context

The German passive voice is a fundamental aspect of formal and official communication. You'll encounter it frequently in news reports, academic texts, administrative documents, and technical instructions. It allows for objectivity and precision, often downplaying the actor in favor of the event itself.
While the werden-Passiv is common, native speakers often prefer active alternatives like man or sich lassen in everyday conversation to sound less formal and more direct, especially at a B2 German level. Mastering these nuances helps you sound truly authentic.

Exemplos-chave (8)

1

Das Video wird gerade auf YouTube hochgeladen.

O vídeo está sendo carregado no YouTube agora.

Voz Passiva em Alemão: Foco na Ação (werden-Passiv)
2

Der Termin wurde wegen der Zoom-Probleme verschoben.

A reunião foi adiada por causa dos problemas com o Zoom.

Voz Passiva em Alemão: Foco na Ação (werden-Passiv)
3

Die {die|f} E-Mail wurde von der {die|f} Chefin unterschrieben.

O e-mail foi assinado pela chefe (feminino).

Quem fez isso? O agente da passiva com 'von'
4

Dieses {das|n} Video wurde von Millionen Menschen gesehen.

Este vídeo foi visto por milhões de pessoas.

Quem fez isso? O agente da passiva com 'von'
5

Die Nachricht wurde durch das Internet verbreitet.

A notícia foi espalhada pela internet.

Passiva com 'durch': Explicando meios e causas
6

Der Fehler wurde durch ein Software-Update behoben.

O erro foi corrigido por uma atualização de software.

Passiva com 'durch': Explicando meios e causas
7

Die Hausaufgaben sind gemacht.

As tarefas de casa estão feitas.

Passiva de Estado em alemão: O modo de 'resultado' (Zustandspassiv)
8

Der Laptop ist ausgeschaltet.

O laptop está desligado.

Passiva de Estado em alemão: O modo de 'resultado' (Zustandspassiv)

Dicas e truques (4)

⚠️

A Pegadinha do 'Geworden'

Muita gente confunde, mas nunca use 'geworden' numa frase passiva no Perfekt! É sempre 'worden'. Se você virou uma pessoa cansada, é ativo:
Ich bin müde geworden.
Mas se você foi perguntado, é passivo:
Ich bin gefragt worden.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Voz Passiva em Alemão: Foco na Ação (werden-Passiv)
🎯

A Regra dos 'Créditos'

Pense em 'von' como os créditos de um filme. Se você puder imaginar o nome aparecendo depois de 'Dirigido por...', use 'von'. Se for uma tempestade ou um acidente, use 'durch'.
Der Fehler wurde vom Team gemacht.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Quem fez isso? O agente da passiva com 'von'
🎯

A Regra do 'Carteiro'

Se uma pessoa é o entregador, use von. Se o caminhão de entrega ou o próprio serviço postal é o foco, use durch. Pense assim: o carteiro entrega, mas a carta é enviada durch die Post (pelo correio). Por exemplo:
Der Brief wurde von dem Postboten zugestellt.
(A carta foi entregue pelo carteiro). Você pode dizer
Der Brief wurde durch die Post zugestellt.
(A carta foi entregue pelo correio).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva com 'durch': Explicando meios e causas
🎯

O Truque do Adjetivo

Se você consegue substituir o particípio por um adjetivo normal como 'grün' (verde) ou 'kaputt' (quebrado), provavelmente é uma passiva de estado! Por exemplo, 'Die Tür ist geschlossen' é como dizer 'Die Tür ist zu'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva de Estado em alemão: O modo de 'resultado' (Zustandspassiv)

Vocabulário-chave (7)

die Entscheidung the decision veröffentlichen to publish die Ursache the cause beschädigen to damage der Vorgang the process durchführen to carry out/perform das Gesetz the law

Real-World Preview

wrench

At the Car Workshop

newspaper

Reading a News Report

Review Summary

  • werden + Partizip II
  • sein + Partizip II
  • sich lassen + Infinitiv

Erros comuns

Learners often use 'werden' when they actually want to describe a state. 'Wird' means someone is currently closing it; 'ist' means it is already shut.

Wrong: Das Fenster wird geschlossen. (when meaning it is already closed)
Correto: Das Fenster ist geschlossen.

Use 'von' for active agents (people/animals/institutions) and 'durch' for means, causes, or instruments (like wind, fire, or a key).

Wrong: Die Tür wurde von dem Wind geöffnet.
Correto: Die Tür wurde durch den Wind geöffnet.

When using modals in the passive, the infinitive of 'werden' comes at the end. Do not add 'worden' unless you are forming the Perfekt tense.

Wrong: Das Haus muss gebaut werden worden.
Correto: Das Haus muss gebaut werden.

Regras neste capítulo (8)

Next Steps

You've just conquered one of the most technical parts of German grammar. Your ability to switch between active and passive will make your German sound incredibly professional and polished. Keep it up!

Read a German news article and highlight all passive constructions.

Describe your daily work routine using 'man' and 'werden-Passiv'.

Prática rápida (10)

Qual frase está correta?

Escolha a frase gramaticalmente correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Das Buch liest sich sehr interessant.
A construção medial exige o pronome reflexivo 'sich' e geralmente um advérbio (interessant).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva reflexiva: "sich lassen" e substitutos da passiva

Encontre e corrija o erro nesta frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

Die Datei wurde durch dem Virus gelöscht.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Die Datei wurde durch den Virus gelöscht.
'durch' sempre exige o caso Akkusativ. 'dem Virus' está no Dativ; o correto deve ser 'den Virus'. Fique atento aos casos!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva com 'durch': Explicando meios e causas

Preencha a lacuna com a forma correta de 'sein'.

Die Koffer ___ gepackt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sind
'Die Koffer' é plural, então usamos 'sind'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva de Estado em alemão: O modo de 'resultado' (Zustandspassiv)

Preencha a lacuna com a forma correta do verbo usando `man`.

In Deutschland ___ (essen) man viel {die|f} Wurst.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: isst
man sempre usa a forma verbal da 3ª pessoa do singular.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Substituição da passiva com `man` (Usar 'se' ou 'alguém' em vez de voz passiva)

Qual frase está correta?

Choose the grammatically correct passive sentence for 'Man hilft dem Kind':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dem Kind wird geholfen.
'Helfen' (ajudar) é um verbo dativo. O objeto 'dem Kind' (à criança) deve permanecer no caso dativo na construção passiva.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva Impessoal em Alemão: Ações Sem Sujeito (Es wird getanzt)

Encontre e corrija o erro nesta frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

Mann kann hier kein WLAN finden.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Man kann hier kein WLAN finden.
O pronome 'um' ou 'alguém' é escrito com um 'n' (man). {der|m} Mann significa 'o homem'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Substituição da passiva com `man` (Usar 'se' ou 'alguém' em vez de voz passiva)

Qual frase descreve um resultado final?

Escolha a frase da passiva de estado:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Die Tür ist geschlossen.
'ist geschlossen' descreve o resultado, não o processo.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva de Estado em alemão: O modo de 'resultado' (Zustandspassiv)

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

Gestern wurde es viel getanzt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Gestern wurde viel getanzt.
Se um advérbio como 'Gestern' (Ontem) inicia a frase, o 'es' de preenchimento deve ser omitido.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva Impessoal em Alemão: Ações Sem Sujeito (Es wird getanzt)

Qual frase é a melhor substituição casual para a passiva: '{das|n} Ticket wird am Automaten gekauft.'?

Escolha a construção mais natural com `man`:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Man kauft {das|n} Ticket am Automaten.
Para substituir a passiva, use man + verbo no singular para manter o agente anônimo, mas ativo.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Substituição da passiva com `man` (Usar 'se' ou 'alguém' em vez de voz passiva)

Preencha a lacuna com a forma correta de 'werden'.

Gestern ___ bei der Party viel gelacht.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: wurde
Como aconteceu 'ontem' (Gestern), precisamos do Präteritum 'wurde'. A passiva impessoal é sempre singular.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passiva Impessoal em Alemão: Ações Sem Sujeito (Es wird getanzt)

Score: /10

Perguntas comuns (6)

O alemão diferencia entre o *processo* de uma ação e o *resultado*. 'Werden' foca no movimento/mudança, ou seja, a ação que está acontecendo. Pense em
The car is *being* fixed
(
Das Auto wird repariert.
). Já 'sein' foca no estado final, como
The car *is* fixed
(
Das Auto ist repariert.
).
Se for uma pessoa ou um grupo que praticou a ação, use 'von' + dativo. Por exemplo,
Die Entscheidung wurde von der Chefin getroffen.
(A decisão foi tomada pela chefe). Se for uma causa impessoal, use 'durch' + acusativo. Tipo,
Das Fenster wurde durch den Ball zerbrochen.
(A janela foi quebrada pela bola).
Sim, mas você precisa usar a forma dativa. 'von mir' (por mim), 'von dir' (por você), 'von ihm' (por ele), etc. Por exemplo:
Das Geschenk wurde von mir gekauft.
(O presente foi comprado por mim.)
'Vom' é simplesmente uma contração de 'von' + 'dem' (dativo masculino ou neutro). No alemão falado, 'vom' é muito mais comum.
Der Ball wurde vom Kind gefunden.
(A bola foi encontrada pela criança.)
Pode sim! Fica super natural. Por exemplo:
Das Haus wurde von dem Architekten durch moderne Technik gebaut.
(A casa foi construída pelo arquiteto usando tecnologia moderna). Fique ligado nessas nuances!
Porque desastres são vistos como causas ou forças, e não como 'agentes' intencionais com vontade própria. Pense neles como meios, e não como 'quem' fez a ação.