Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Hindi infinitives end in -nā, but change to -ne when followed by a postposition or used in oblique constructions.
- The base infinitive ends in -nā (e.g., khānā - to eat).
- Change -nā to -ne when a postposition like 'ke liye' (for) follows: khāne ke liye.
- Use -ne when the verb acts as the object of a prepositional phrase.
Overview
-ना (-nā) 结尾，这非常类似于英语中的 to + verb 结构。然而，它最独特的地方在于它能够像名词一样发生“变形”（变格），也就是变成 -ने (-ne) 的形式。对于我们中文母语者来说，这可能有点绕，因为中文的动词几乎没有词形变化。在中文里，无论你是主语、宾语还是定语，动词“看”永远是“看”。但在印地语里，根据它在句子中的语法功能，它必须改变结尾。掌握 -ना 和 -ने 的区别，是衡量你是否跨入印地语中级（B1）门槛的关键。这不仅是为了语法正确，更是为了让你听起来像一个地道的印地语使用者，而不是一个只会把单词拼在一起的初学者。-ना 变为 -ने。पढ़ना (paṛhnā, 读书) 是原形。如果你说“读书很重要”，它就是 पढ़ना。但如果你说“为了读书（for reading）”，你需要用到后置词 के लिए (ke lie)。这时候，पढ़ना 必须变成 पढ़ने，即 पढ़ने के लिए (paṛhne ke lie)。这和中文完全不同，中文里“为了”后面直接加动词即可，不需要给动词加后缀。此外，在表达“义务”或“必须做某事”时，印地语使用一种特殊的“受事一致”规则。如果动作的宾语是阴性，不定式也要跟着变。比如 मुझे रोटी खानी है (mujhe roṭī khānī hai)，因为 रोटी (面包) 是阴性，所以 खाना (吃) 变成了 खानी。这在中文里是完全不存在的，因为中文动词没有性别和数的变化。你可以把这想象成一种“语法上的对齐”，虽然刚开始会觉得繁琐，但习惯后你会发现这让句子的逻辑非常严密。-ना 后的部分。以下是变形规则：-ना | लिखना (likhnā) | 写 / 写作 |-ने | लिखने (likhne) | 为了写 / 在写时 |-नी | लिखनी (likhnī) | 必须写（某阴性物） |-ने | लिखने (likhne) | 必须写（某阳性复数物） |-ना）。当它前面有后置词（如 में, से, के लिए）时，它必须变成斜格（-ने）。当表达“必须做”时，它要看动作的对象（宾语）是什么性别和数，从而进行相应的调整。दौड़ना अच्छा है (dauṛnā acchā hai, 跑步很好)。这里 दौड़ना 就是名词。其次是表达目的，比如 मैं हिंदी सीखने आया हूँ (maĩ hindī sīkhne āyā hū̃, 我来学印地语)，这里的 सीखने 是因为后面隐含了目的性。最常用的场景是表达“义务”，也就是“必须做某事”。结构是：主语(斜格) + को + 宾语 + 不定式 + है/था。比如 मुझे काम करना है (mujhe kām karnā hai, 我必须工作)。注意，如果宾语是阴性，比如 किताब (书)，句子就会变成 मुझे किताब पढ़नी है (mujhe kitāb paṛhnī hai)。这种结构在日常生活中，比如在大学选课、在咖啡厅点餐、或者在办公室讨论工作时极其常用。你必须熟练掌握这种“根据宾语调整动词”的逻辑，否则在印地语使用者听起来会非常别扭。- 1忽视斜格变化：中文母语者习惯了动词不变形，常犯错误是将
पढ़ने के लिए说成पढ़ना के लिए。原因在于中文没有“动词变格”的概念，大脑潜意识里认为动词不需要根据介词改变词尾。记住：只要看到后置词，动词结尾的ā就要变成e。
- 1义务句中主语一致性误区：很多初学者会试图让不定式和“我”或“你”一致，比如
मैं काम करना है。这是错误的！印地语的义务句中，不定式只和宾语一致，或者保持阳性单数，绝不和主语一致。这源于我们对中文“主谓一致”结构的惯性思维。
- 1过度使用
-ना：有些学生在任何情况下都只用-ना形式，因为这最简单。但这会导致语法错误，尤其是在需要表达“为了……”或者“在……过程中”时。这就像在中文里说“我为了吃饭去买菜”却说成“我吃饭买菜”，虽然意思勉强能懂，但语法是完全错误的。
पढ़ना ज़रूरी है | 读书是必要的 | 印地语视其为名词 |सीखने के लिए | 为了学习 | 印地语必须变斜格 |मुझे रोटी खानी है | 我必须吃面包 | 印地语动词要随宾语变 |करना 变成 करनी？करना 后面跟着的宾语是阴性名词。例如 करनी है，说明你要做的事情（宾语）是阴性的，所以动词要配合它。पढ़ने 后面的 ने 是不是和 मैंने 里的 ने 一样？मैंने 里的 ने 是动词过去式的施事格标记，而 पढ़ने 里的 ने 是不定式变格后的斜格形式。虽然都写成 ने，但语法功能不同。करना 形式通常不会造成严重的沟通障碍，但为了准确，还是建议多查字典。Infinitive Inflection Table
| Verb Root | Direct Infinitive (-nā) | Oblique Infinitive (-ne) | Example (Oblique) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
khā
|
khānā
|
khāne
|
khāne ke liye
|
|
jā
|
jānā
|
jāne
|
jāne wālā
|
|
so
|
sonā
|
sone
|
sone ka samay
|
|
padh
|
padhnā
|
padhne
|
padhne ke liye
|
|
dekh
|
dekhnā
|
dekhne
|
dekhne ke liye
|
|
kar
|
karnā
|
karne
|
karne mein
|
Meanings
The infinitive acts as a verbal noun. It represents the action itself rather than a conjugated event.
Verbal Noun
Using the verb as a noun subject or object.
“Sona zarūri hai.”
“Padhna achha hai.”
Purpose/Obligation
Using -ne with postpositions to show purpose or necessity.
“Pani pine ke liye lao.”
“Mujhe jane do.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative (Subject)
|
Verb-nā
|
Khānā achhā hai.
|
|
Affirmative (Oblique)
|
Verb-ne + Postposition
|
Khāne ke liye.
|
|
Negative (Subject)
|
Verb-nā
|
Na khānā behtar hai.
|
|
Negative (Oblique)
|
Na + Verb-ne + Postposition
|
Na khāne ke liye.
|
|
Permission
|
Verb-ne + do
|
Mujhe jāne do.
|
|
Future Intent
|
Verb-ne + wālā
|
Woh jāne wālā hai.
|
正式程度
Main bhojan karna chahta hoon. (Dining)
Mujhe khānā khānā hai. (Dining)
Khānā khānā hai. (Dining)
Khānā hai kya? (Dining)
Infinitive Flow
Direct
- -nā Subject/Object
Oblique
- -ne Postposition
按水平分级的例句
Mujhe khānā pasand hai.
I like eating.
Sona achhā hai.
Sleeping is good.
Padhna zarūri hai.
Reading is necessary.
Daudna sehat ke liye hai.
Running is for health.
Main khāne ke liye taiyār hoon.
I am ready to eat.
Mujhe jāne do.
Let me go.
Woh sone wālā hai.
He is about to sleep.
Pani pine ke liye lao.
Bring water to drink.
Usne mujhe aane ke liye kaha.
He told me to come.
Kya tum khelne ke liye aaoge?
Will you come to play?
Mujhe padhne ka shauk hai.
I have a hobby of reading.
Woh ghar jaane ki taiyari kar raha hai.
He is preparing to go home.
Uske aane se pehle main nikal gaya.
I left before he came.
Mujhe is kaam ko karne mein maza aata hai.
I enjoy doing this work.
Woh jaane ki koshish kar raha hai.
He is trying to go.
Iske alawa kuch aur karne ka irada hai?
Do you intend to do anything else besides this?
Uske aane par sab khush ho gaye.
Everyone became happy upon his arrival.
Mujhe uske jaane ka dukh hai.
I am sad about his departure.
Kaam karne ke bajaye woh so raha hai.
Instead of working, he is sleeping.
Usne mujhe rukne ke liye majboor kiya.
He forced me to stay.
Uske aane ke bawajood, humne shuru kiya.
Despite his coming, we started.
Sone ke liye waqt nikalna mushkil hai.
Finding time to sleep is difficult.
Woh jaane ki halat mein nahi tha.
He was not in a condition to go.
Is baat ko karne ka koi fayda nahi.
There is no benefit in doing this.
容易混淆
Both use the word 'ne'.
When to use -nā vs -ne.
English uses -ing for both.
常见错误
Khānā ke liye
Khāne ke liye
Jānā wālā
Jāne wālā
Mujhe jānā do
Mujhe jāne do
Padhnā mein
Padhne mein
Sone ka samay
Sone ka samay
Woh khānā ke liye gaya
Woh khāne ke liye gaya
Main karne ke liye
Main karne ke liye
Uske aane ke baad
Uske aane ke baad
Daudna ke liye
Daudne ke liye
Rukne ke bajaye
Rukne ke bajaye
Uske jaane ka irada
Uske jaane ka irada
Kaam karne ke bajay
Kaam karne ke bajaye
Sone ke liye
Sone ke liye
句型
Mujhe ___ ke liye jana hai.
Woh ___ wālā hai.
Mujhe ___ do.
___ mein maza aata hai.
Real World Usage
Khāne ke liye kya hai?
Jāne wālā hoon.
Main kaam karne ke liye taiyār hoon.
Ghar jaane ka rasta.
Padhne mein maza aa raha hai.
Khāne ke liye order karein.
Check for Postpositions
Don't Over-apply
Listen for 'wālā'
Natural Flow
Smart Tips
Immediately think: 'Change -nā to -ne'.
The verb before 'wālā' must be in the oblique -ne form.
Use 'do' with the oblique -ne form.
Use 'mein' with the oblique -ne form.
发音
Nasalization
Ensure the -nā and -ne endings are clear, not nasalized unless the root is.
Question
Kya tum khāne ke liye aaoge? ↑
Rising intonation at the end for questions.
记住它
记忆技巧
Nā is for Nouns, Ne is for Next-to-postpositions.
视觉联想
Imagine a 'Nā' sign on a door (the noun). When you add a postposition, the sign flips to 'Ne'.
Rhyme
When you see a postposition, don't be a fool, change nā to ne, that's the rule!
Story
Ravi wanted to eat (khānā). But he needed a spoon for eating (khāne ke liye). He looked for the spoon, and realized the ending changed!
Word Web
挑战
Write 3 sentences using 'ke liye' with different verbs in 5 minutes.
文化笔记
The -ne oblique is standard in Delhi/UP Hindi.
Often used in poetic structures.
Some dialects might use different oblique markers.
The Hindi infinitive is derived from Sanskrit verbal nouns.
对话开场白
Aaj tum kya khāne ke liye bana rahe ho?
Kya tum kal jaane wāle ho?
Tumhe padhne mein maza aata hai?
Mujhe jaane do, kya tumne suna?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
Main ___ (khānā) ke liye taiyār hoon.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Woh padhnā ke liye gaya.
ke liye / khāne / main / taiyār / hoon
What is the oblique form of 'sonā'?
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
The infinitive always ends in -nā.
A: Kya tum ___ (aānā) ke liye taiyār ho? B: Haan.
Score: /8
练习题
8 exercisesMain ___ (khānā) ke liye taiyār hoon.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Woh padhnā ke liye gaya.
ke liye / khāne / main / taiyār / hoon
What is the oblique form of 'sonā'?
Match: 1. khānā, 2. jānā, 3. padhnā
The infinitive always ends in -nā.
A: Kya tum ___ (aānā) ke liye taiyār ho? B: Haan.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
7 exercisesI have to do work.
वो गाना ____ लगी।
Rearrange the words:
यहाँ नहीं बैठो (Make it a neutral/future polite command).
Match the following:
How do you ask someone to 'Please write' in a future context?
पढ़ने ___ किताबें ज़रूरी हैं।
Score: /7
常见问题 (8)
It marks the verb as being governed by a postposition.
Yes, all Hindi infinitives end in -nā.
Keep the -nā form.
Yes, the infinitive form itself is constant.
No, they are different grammatical markers.
No, that is grammatically incorrect.
Use the sentence patterns provided.
Very few, it is a highly regular rule.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
para + infinitive
Hindi requires a morphological change to the verb (nā to ne).
pour + infinitive
French does not change the verb form.
zu + infinitive
German syntax is more rigid regarding placement.
tame ni + verb
Japanese particles follow the dictionary form.
li + masdar
Arabic uses a specific noun form (masdar).
verb + de + purpose
Chinese has no verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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