A2 Pronouns 12 min read 简单

葡萄牙语自复动词:对自身进行的动作 (Verbos Reflexivos)

葡萄牙语的自复代词就像一面“镜子”,把动作反射回执行者身上。记住这几个核心小助手: metesenos

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Reflexive verbs describe actions where the subject and the object are the same person, using reflexive pronouns like 'me', 'te', or 'se'.

  • Use a reflexive pronoun before the verb: 'Eu me lavo' (I wash myself).
  • In Brazil, pronouns often come before the verb; in Portugal, they often follow with a hyphen.
  • The pronoun must match the subject: 'Eu me', 'Você se', 'Nós nos'.
Subject + Reflexive Pronoun + Verb

Overview

### Overview
在学习葡萄牙语的过程中,你一定会遇到一个非常核心的语法点:自复动词 verbos reflexivos。简单来说,自复动词描述的是“主语对自己做动作”的情况。这在中文里听起来可能有点抽象,但在实际生活中非常常见。比如我们说“我洗脸”、“我起床”、“我穿衣服”,这些动作的发出者和承受者都是“我”自己。在中文里,我们往往只需要动词本身,或者加个“自己”来强调,但在葡萄牙语中,你必须使用一个特殊的“自复代词”来明确这种关系。
为什么这很重要?因为葡萄牙语和中文的思维逻辑不同。中文是“意合”语言,很多时候我们通过上下文就能明白动作的对象。而葡萄牙语是“形合”语言,它要求语法结构必须完整。如果你想说“我洗澡”,如果你只说 Eu lavo(我洗),葡萄牙人会疑惑:你洗什么?是洗衣服?洗车?还是洗碗?你必须加上 me,变成 Eu me lavo(我洗自己/我洗澡),这样逻辑才完整。对于母语为中文的同学来说,这不仅是语法的挑战,更是培养“自我指涉”思维的过程。掌握了它,你才能真正地描述你的日常生活,从早晨起床到晚上睡觉,自复动词无处不在。
### How This Grammar Works
自复动词的核心在于“自复代词”。你可以把它理解为动作的“回弹”。当主语发出动作,而这个动作又作用于主语本身时,代词就起到了连接作用。这与中文里我们使用“自己”作为宾语的逻辑相似,但葡萄牙语把它变成了一个必须紧贴动词的“小零件”。
| 主语 | 自复代词 | 中文对应 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eu | me | 我自己 | Eu me visto (我穿衣) |
| Tu | te | 你自己 | Tu te vestes (你穿衣) |
| Ele/Ela/Você | se | 他/她/您自己 | Ele se veste (他穿衣) |
| Nós | nos | 我们自己 | Nós nos vestimos (我们穿衣) |
| Eles/Elas/Vocês | se | 他们/您们自己 | Eles se vestem (他们穿衣) |
在语言学上,这被称为“中动态” voz média。它不仅指代身体动作,还包括心理状态。中文里我们说“我感到高兴”,这里的“感到”其实隐含了自复的意味。在葡萄牙语里,sentir(感觉)和 sentir-se(自我感觉/感到)是完全不同的。如果你说 Eu sinto o café,意思是“我闻到了咖啡味”;但如果你说 Eu me sinto feliz,意思就是“我感到开心”。注意到了吗?这就是自复代词改变了动词的语义。中文里我们用“感到”来处理所有感觉,而葡萄牙语通过自复代词把“感知外部”和“自我感受”区分得清清楚楚。
### Formation Pattern
自复动词的构成非常规律。对于初学者,你可以记住这个万能公式:主语 + (代词) + 动词。但要注意,在葡萄牙语中,代词的位置会根据方言(巴西 vs 葡萄牙)以及句子是否否定而变化。
在巴西,我们习惯把代词放在动词前面(前置 próclise),这非常符合中文的语序逻辑,学起来很快。而在葡萄牙,代词通常放在动词后面(后置 ênclise),中间用连字符连接。但如果句子中有否定词(如 não),无论在哪种方言里,代词都必须跑到动词前面。
| 句子类型 | 结构模式 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 (巴西) | Subject + Pronoun + Verb | Eu me levanto |
| 肯定句 (葡萄牙) | Subject + Verb + Hyphen + Pronoun | Levanto-me |
| 否定句 (通用) | Subject + não + Pronoun + Verb | Eu não me levanto |
记住一个口诀:“否定词有魔力,代词必须往前移”。只要看到 não,代词就必须紧跟在它后面,这在所有葡语国家都是一样的规则。
### When To Use It
自复动词主要用于三个场景。第一是“日常生活动作”,也就是我们每天在大学、咖啡厅或家里做的那些事。比如 acordar-se(醒来)、levantar-se(起床)、lavar-se(洗漱)。记住,这些动词后面带个 -se,说明它们是自复的,使用时要把 -se 拆开变成对应的代词。
第二是“心理状态和状态改变”。有些动词如果不带自复代词,意思完全不同。比如 lembrar 是“提醒某人”,但 lembrar-se de 才是“记得/想起”。这就像中文里的“记”和“记起来”,通过代词来区分动作的方向。如果你说 Eu lembro o nome dele,意思是我在提醒他名字;而 Eu me lembro do nome dele 才是“我记得他的名字”。
第三是“相互动作”。当主语是复数(我们、他们)时,自复代词还可以表示“互相”。比如 Nós nos amamos(我们相爱/我们爱对方)。这种用法在社交场合非常多见,比如在微信聊天时说 A gente se fala!(我们回头聊/我们互相联系)。
### Common Mistakes
作为中文母语者,我们最容易犯以下三个错误:
  1. 1漏掉代词(受中文省略习惯影响):中文里我们说“我穿衣服”,不需要说“我穿我自己衣服”。但在葡语里,如果你说 Eu visto,句子是不完整的。因为 vestir 是及物动词,必须接宾语。所以一定要记得加上 me,说 Eu me visto
  1. 1代词位置混乱(受到英语或中文语序干扰):很多同学在否定句中依然把代词放在动词后面。比如 Eu não visto-me。这是一个典型的错误,因为 não 必须把代词“吸”到前面。记住,否定词是代词位置的“拦截器”。
  1. 1混淆自复代词与人称代词:有些同学会说 Eu me sinto eu feliz,这在逻辑上是重复的。自复代词 me 已经指代了 Eu,不需要再重复强调。这就像中文里不会说“我自己我很高兴”,直接说“我很高兴”或者“我感到高兴”即可。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
为了让你更清楚,我们对比一下普通动词和自复动词的差异:
| 动词类型 | 例子 | 意义对比 |
|---|---|---|
| 普通动词 | Eu lavo o carro | 我洗车(动作作用于外部) |
| 自复动词 | Eu me lavo | 我洗澡/我洗自己(动作作用于自身) |
| 普通动词 | Ele lembra a lição | 他提醒别人课程(动作指向他人) |
| 自复动词 | Ele se lembra da lição | 他记住了课程(动作指向自身心理) |
从表中可以看出,关键在于动作的“落点”。普通动词的落点在宾语,而自复动词的落点在主语自己。中文里我们用词汇(如“洗”vs“洗澡”)来区分,葡语则是靠代词来实现。
### Quick FAQ
Q1: 为什么有时候看到 vestir 有时看到 vestir-se
答:这是因为动词的用法不同。vestir 是“给别人穿衣服”,而 vestir-se 是“给自己穿衣服”。大多数自复动词都有对应的普通形式,区别就在于动作对象是否为自己。
Q2: 在巴西葡语中,a gente 后面怎么接自复代词?
答:a gente 在语法上相当于第三人称单数,所以要用 se。比如 A gente se encontra(我们见面)。这非常口语化,非常地道。
Q3: 所有的动词都能变成自复动词吗?
答:并不是。只有当逻辑上允许“对自己做动作”时才可以。比如 comer(吃)通常不会变成自复,因为你不会“吃掉自己”。但 cortar-se(割伤自己)是完全合理的。

Reflexive Verb Conjugation (Lavar-se)

Subject Pronoun Verb Translation
Eu
me
lavo
I wash myself
Tu
te
lavas
You wash yourself
Você/Ele/Ela
se
lava
He/She washes himself/herself
Nós
nos
lavamos
We wash ourselves
Vós
vos
lavais
You all wash yourselves
Eles/Elas/Vocês
se
lavam
They wash themselves

Meanings

Reflexive verbs are used when the subject of the sentence performs an action upon themselves.

1

Self-directed action

The subject performs an action on their own body or person.

“Eu me penteio.”

“Ela se olha no espelho.”

2

Reciprocal action

Two or more people perform an action to each other.

“Eles se amam.”

“Nós nos abraçamos.”

3

Inherent reflexive

Verbs that are always reflexive in Portuguese but not necessarily in English.

“Eu me lembro da festa.”

“Ele se queixa muito.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 葡萄牙语自复动词:对自身进行的动作 (Verbos Reflexivos)
主语 自复代词 例子 (PT-BR) 中文翻译
Eu
me
Eu me banho
我洗澡(洗我自己)
Tu
te
Tu te vestes
你穿衣服(你自己穿)
Ele/Ela/Você
se
Ele se deita
他躺下(他让自己躺下)
Nós
nos
Nós nos vemos
我们见面(互相见)
Eles/Elas/Vocês
se
Elas se maquiam
她们化妆(给自己化)
A gente (非正式我们)
se
A gente se fala
我们聊聊(互相说)

正式程度

正式
Eu retirar-me-ei.

Eu retirar-me-ei. (Leaving a place)

中性
Eu vou me embora.

Eu vou me embora. (Leaving a place)

非正式
Eu vou-me.

Eu vou-me. (Leaving a place)

俚语
Vou vazar.

Vou vazar. (Leaving a place)

日常起居自复动词

日常习惯

早晨

  • Acordar-se 醒来
  • Levantar-se 起床

个人形象

  • Pentear-se 梳头
  • Barbear-se 刮胡子

自复 vs 非自复

非自复 (动作施加于他人/物)
Eu lavo o carro 我洗车
Eu chamo o táxi 我叫出租车
自复 (动作施加于自己)
Eu me lavo 我洗澡(洗我自己)
Eu me chamo 我叫...(称呼我自己)

代词放在哪里?

1

是否有否定词 (não, nunca)?

YES
代词放在动词之前 (Não me lavo)。
NO
你在巴西还是葡萄牙?
2

你在巴西吗?

YES
代词通常放在动词之前 (Eu me lavo)。
NO ↓

自复动词分类

😊

情绪

  • Sentir-se
  • Alegrear-se
  • Zangar-se
👋

社交

  • Despedir-se
  • Apresentar-se
  • Encontrar-se
🧘

身体动作

  • Sentar-se
  • Deitar-se
  • Vestir-se

按水平分级的例句

1

Eu me chamo Ana.

I call myself Ana.

2

Você se chama Pedro?

Do you call yourself Pedro?

3

Eu me sinto bem.

I feel good.

4

Ele se chama Lucas.

He calls himself Lucas.

1

Eu me visto às oito.

I get dressed at eight.

2

Ela não se lava agora.

She is not washing herself now.

3

Nós nos levantamos cedo.

We get up early.

4

Eles se barbeiam todo dia.

They shave every day.

1

Nós nos conhecemos na escola.

We met each other at school.

2

Eu me lembro daquele dia.

I remember that day.

3

Eles se queixam do barulho.

They complain about the noise.

4

Vocês se arrependem?

Do you regret it?

1

Eu quero me preparar para a prova.

I want to prepare myself for the test.

2

Vende-se este carro.

This car is for sale.

3

Ele se deixou levar pela emoção.

He let himself be carried away by emotion.

4

Nós nos temos visto pouco.

We have been seeing each other little.

1

Ele foi-se embora sem dizer nada.

He left without saying anything.

2

Diz-se que a economia vai melhorar.

It is said that the economy will improve.

3

Não se deve julgar as pessoas.

One should not judge people.

4

Eles se viram obrigados a sair.

They found themselves forced to leave.

1

Sentiu-se o impacto da decisão.

The impact of the decision was felt.

2

Arrependo-me amargamente do que fiz.

I bitterly regret what I did.

3

Vimo-nos em uma situação difícil.

We found ourselves in a difficult situation.

4

Perdeu-se a esperança naquele momento.

Hope was lost at that moment.

容易混淆

Portuguese Reflexive Verbs: Doing Actions to Yourself (Verbos Reflexivos) 对比 Reflexive vs. Direct Object Pronouns

Learners mix up 'me' (reflexive) and 'me' (direct object).

Portuguese Reflexive Verbs: Doing Actions to Yourself (Verbos Reflexivos) 对比 Proclisis vs. Enclisis

Learners don't know when to put the pronoun before or after the verb.

Portuguese Reflexive Verbs: Doing Actions to Yourself (Verbos Reflexivos) 对比 Reciprocal vs. Reflexive

Both use the same pronouns.

常见错误

Eu lavo.

Eu me lavo.

Missing the reflexive pronoun.

Eu se lavo.

Eu me lavo.

Wrong pronoun for the subject.

Eu me não lavo.

Eu não me lavo.

Incorrect negative placement.

Eu lavo-me.

Eu me lavo.

Using European structure in Brazil.

Nós nos lavamos.

Nós nos lavamos.

Actually correct, but often confused with 'nos' (us) as an object.

Você se lava?

Você se lava?

Often forgotten in questions.

Ele lava-se.

Ele se lava.

Placement issue.

Eu me lembro da festa.

Eu me lembro da festa.

Often forgotten that 'lembrar' is reflexive.

Eles se amam.

Eles se amam.

Confusion between reflexive and reciprocal.

Eu me queixo.

Eu me queixo.

Verb conjugation error.

Vende-se casas.

Vendem-se casas.

Agreement error with passive reflexive.

Ele se foi.

Ele foi-se.

Register error.

Se deve fazer.

Deve-se fazer.

Initial proclisis error.

句型

Eu me ___ todos os dias.

Você se ___ cedo?

Nós nos ___ muito na festa.

Ele se ___ de ter dito aquilo.

Real World Usage

Social Media constant

Eu me sinto incrível hoje! #selfie

Texting very common

A gente se fala depois.

Job Interview common

Eu me preparei para este desafio.

Travel common

Onde eu posso me hospedar?

Food Delivery occasional

Eu me sinto com fome.

Medical common

Eu me sinto tonto.

🎯

"A Gente" 的小窍门

如果你用 A gente(非正式的“我们”),记得配对代词 se 而不是 nos。比如:
A gente se vê
⚠️

别被直译坑了

表达“我自己做某事”时,别用 mim mesmo。直接用 me 就好,比如 Eu me lavo 听起来非常自然。
💬

巴西式随性

在巴西,句首直接用代词(如 Me empresta?)在口语中超常见,虽然语法书不建议,但听起来很接地气!

Smart Tips

Remember to include the pronoun when you conjugate it.

Eu levanto às 7. Eu me levanto às 7.

Group verbs like 'lavar-se', 'vestir-se', 'pentear-se'.

Eu lavo, visto, penteio. Eu me lavo, me visto, me penteio.

Use the European structure (verb-pronoun) if you are in a formal setting.

Eu me sinto honrado. Sinto-me honrado.

Ask: 'Am I doing this to myself?' If yes, use the pronoun.

Eu corto o cabelo. Eu me corto (accidentally) vs Eu corto o cabelo (at a salon).

发音

me -> [mi]

Pronoun reduction

In fast speech, 'me' and 'te' often sound like 'mi' and 'ti'.

nos -> [nõs]

Nasalization

The 'nos' pronoun has a nasal sound.

Question intonation

Você se lava? ↑

Rising pitch at the end for yes/no questions.

记住它

记忆技巧

Remember the 'Mirror Rule': If you see yourself in the mirror, you need a reflexive pronoun.

视觉联想

Imagine a person standing in front of a mirror. Every time they move, a little 'me' or 'se' pops out of the mirror to join the verb.

Rhyme

When the subject does the deed, to themselves, a pronoun they need.

Story

João wakes up. He 'se levanta' (gets up). He 'se lava' (washes himself). He 'se veste' (dresses himself). He looks in the mirror and says, 'Eu me amo!' (I love myself).

Word Web

metesenosvoslavar-sevestir-se

挑战

Describe your entire morning routine in 5 sentences using reflexive verbs.

文化笔记

Brazilians strongly prefer placing the pronoun before the verb. Using it after the verb can sound overly formal or poetic.

In Portugal, placing the pronoun after the verb is standard and preferred in most contexts.

Usage is similar to Portugal, but with distinct rhythmic patterns in speech.

Reflexive pronouns in Portuguese come from Latin accusative pronouns (me, te, se).

对话开场白

Como você se sente hoje?

A que horas você se levanta?

Você se lembra da nossa última aula?

Como as pessoas se comportam no seu país?

日记主题

Write about your morning routine.
Describe a time you felt very happy.
Write about a habit you want to change.
Discuss the importance of self-care.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

在空格处填入正确的自复代词。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
主语是 Eu(我),对应的自复代词是 me
哪一个是正确的否定句位置?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
否定词如 não 会吸引代词,使其位于动词之前。
找出这句话中的错误。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
主语 Nós(我们)必须匹配代词 nos(我们自己)。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the correct reflexive pronoun.

Eu ___ lavo todos os dias.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: me
The subject is 'Eu', so the pronoun is 'me'.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu me visto.
In Brazil, the pronoun comes before the verb.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Eu não lavo-me.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu não me lavo.
The negative 'não' must come before the pronoun.
Transform into a question. Sentence Transformation

Você se levanta cedo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Você se levanta cedo?
Just add a question mark for intonation.
Conjugate 'sentir-se' for 'Nós'. Conjugation Drill

Nós ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: nos sentimos
The pronoun for 'Nós' is 'nos'.
Match the verb with its meaning. Match Pairs

Match: 1. Lavar-se, 2. Vestir-se, 3. Lembrar-se

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-B, 2-C, 3-A
Standard reflexive verb meanings.
Order the words. Sentence Building

festa / na / nos / divertimos / nós

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós nos divertimos na festa.
Standard SVO order with reflexive pronoun.
Is this reflexive or reciprocal? 多项选择

Eles se abraçam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Reciprocal
They are hugging each other.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
填空。 填空

Eles ___ chamam de 'os reis da pista'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se
按正确顺序排列单词(巴西风格)。 Sentence Reorder

se / Ela / no espelho / vê

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela se vê no espelho
将“我感到快乐”翻译成葡萄牙语。 翻译

我感到快乐(使用 sentir-se)。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu me sinto feliz
哪一个是日常起居动词? 多项选择

选择表示日常起居的自复动词:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Barbear-se
修正代词。 Error Correction

Você me deita tarde?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Você se deita tarde?
将主语与代词匹配。 Match Pairs

匹配以下内容:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu:me, Nós:nos, Você:se
填空。 填空

Tu ___ vestes bem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: te
重新排列成否定句。 Sentence Reorder

não / nos / Nós / esquecemos

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós não nos esquecemos
"A gente se vê" 是什么意思? 多项选择

翻译短语:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: We see each other
翻译“她梳头”。 翻译

她梳头 (pentear-se)。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both are correct

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

Without it, the verb means you are doing the action to someone else. 'Eu lavo' (I wash [it]), 'Eu me lavo' (I wash myself).

No, it is grammatically incorrect. It is essential for the meaning.

No, it can also be used for passive or impersonal constructions like 'Vende-se casa'.

It's just the standard reflexive pronoun for the first person plural.

It will sound confusing to native speakers, like saying 'I wash yourself'.

No, only those that describe actions done to oneself or reciprocal actions.

Look for the '-se' at the end of the infinitive form, like 'lavar-se'.

Yes, the placement of the pronoun is usually after the verb, attached with a hyphen.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Verbos reflexivos

Pronoun placement is more rigid in Spanish.

French high

Verbes pronominaux

French requires an auxiliary verb 'être' for past tense.

German moderate

Reflexive Verben

German pronouns change based on the case (accusative/dative).

Japanese low

Jibun (self)

Japanese does not conjugate verbs reflexively.

Arabic low

Form VIII verbs

Arabic changes the verb root rather than adding a pronoun.

Chinese low

Ziji (self)

Chinese has no verb conjugation for person or reflexivity.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Continue With

A2 Requires

反身代词:放在哪里?(Me lavo vs. Lavo-me)

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B1 Requires

如何说“我担心” (Preocupar-se)

Overview 有没有试过凌晨2点还在刷手机,为3小时前发的一条短信而焦虑?恭喜你,你正在练习 `preocupar-se`(担心)。与英语中只...

B1 Requires

见面与偶遇:Encontrar-se 的用法

Overview In Portuguese, differentiating between `encontrar` and `encontrar-se` is crucial for conveying precise meaning,...

B1 Requires

道别 (Despedir-se)

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B1 Requires

用葡萄牙语说“结婚” (Casar-se)

Overview 有没有想过为什么说 `Eu caso amanhã` 会让人们以为你突然变成了牧师?... (简体中文解释)

B1 Requires

葡萄牙语搬家动词:Mudar-se (换新居)

Overview 有没有试过向葡萄牙朋友解释你要搬进新公寓,结果因为不小心说成“正在物理摇晃身体”或“改变个性”而收到困惑的眼神?搬...

B1 Requires

靠近:动词 Aproximar-se

概述 有没有在超市看到熟人,然后在纠结是躲进麦片过道还是过去打招呼?这种缩短距离的时刻——无论是物理上还是情感上——正是 `apr...

B1 Requires

爱上某人:反身动词的使用 (Apaixonar-se)

Overview 有没有发现自己一直盯着手机,等待“Visto”(已读)通知?也许当某人进入 Zoom 会议时,你的心会漏跳一拍。在葡萄牙语...

B1 Requires

毕业与获得学位 (Formar-se)

概述 终于写完那篇50页的论文了吗?正在更新LinkedIn吗?在中文里我们只说“毕业”。但在葡萄牙语里,逻辑稍微不同:你不只是结束...

B1 Requires

反身动词:镜面效应 (me, te, se)

### Overview 在葡萄牙语学习中,反身动词(Reflexive Verbs)是一个非常核心的概念。简单来说,它描述的是“动作回到了施动者身...

B1 Requires

葡萄牙语自复动词:自复与非自复含义 (me, te, se)

Overview Portuguese reflexive verbs are a fundamental aspect of the language, essential for expressing actions where the...

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