B1 · 중급 챕터 3

The Passive Voice: Actions and Impacts

6 총 규칙
64 예문
5

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the Japanese passive voice to express your experiences and shift the focus of your sentences.

  • Form passive verbs for all conjugation groups.
  • Identify the difference between direct and indirect passive usage.
  • Express personal feelings and reactions to events using the suffering passive.
Shift the spotlight: Master your Japanese perspective!

배울 내용

Ready to truly level up your Japanese and express yourself with more nuance? This chapter is all about the **Passive Voice**, a super useful tool for changing your sentence's focus! You know how sometimes you want to talk about *what happened to you* or *how something affected you*, rather than who did the action? That's exactly what you'll master here. First, we'll dive into the mechanics: how to form the passive for both U-verbs and Ru-verbs, even those tricky irregulars like Suru and Kuru (they become Sareru and Korareru!). You'll see how these forms let you talk about being given a present respectfully, or even subtly hint at annoyance when something inconvenient happens. Then, we'll connect these forms to real-life situations. You'll learn to use to pinpoint *who* performed the action that affected you, shifting the spotlight to your experience. We'll differentiate between the **Direct Passive**, where you're simply describing being acted upon (like

I was praised by my teacher
), and the powerful **Indirect Passive** – often called the 'Suffering' Passive – which is perfect for complaining (just a little!) when someone else's actions negatively impacted your day (e.g.,
My little brother ate my snack
becomes
My snack was eaten by my little brother, and it bothered me!
). By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand passive forms; you'll confidently use them to talk about events from your perspective, express subtle feelings, and make your Japanese sound much more natural and expressive. Get ready to put yourself at the center of the action!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Form the passive voice for any verb and distinguish between standard and 'suffering' passive usage.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome to a crucial step in your B1 Japanese grammar journey! This chapter unlocks the power of the Passive Voice, a fundamental grammar point that will significantly enhance your ability to express nuance and shift the focus of your sentences. Understanding the passive voice is key to moving beyond simple subject-verb-object structures and engaging with more complex and natural-sounding Japanese.
In the CEFR framework, mastering this allows you to describe experiences, feelings, and the impact of events on you, which is a hallmark of B1 proficiency. You'll learn how to talk about being acted upon, and importantly, how to express the subtle suffering or inconvenience that often accompanies these actions.
This grammar guide is designed to make the Japanese passive voice accessible and practical. We'll break down the formation of passive verbs for different verb types, including those often tricky irregulars like する (suru) and 来る (kuru). You'll discover how to use particles like に to clearly indicate the agent of the action, placing the emphasis squarely on your experience.
By the end of this chapter, you'll be equipped to discuss events from your personal perspective, express a wider range of emotions, and make your Japanese sound far more sophisticated and authentic. Get ready to put yourself at the center of the action!

How This Grammar Works

At its core, the Japanese passive voice allows you to reframe sentences so that the subject is the recipient of an action, rather than the performer. We'll start with the mechanics of forming the passive, covering the Japanese Passive Form: U-Verbs (Ukemi-kei) and Japanese Passive Form: ru-verbs (~られる). For U-verbs, you change the final 'u' sound to an 'a' sound and add 'reru' (e.g., 読む yomu → 読まれる yomareru).
For ru-verbs, you simply replace the 'ru' with 'rareru' (e.g., 食べる taberu → 食べられる taberareru). Don't forget the Japanese Passive: Irregular Verbs (Suru & Kuru)! する (suru) becomes される (sareru), and 来る (kuru) becomes 来られる (korareru).
Once you have the passive verb form, you often need to indicate who performed the action. This is where Japanese Passive Voice: Being Affected by Others (に) comes in. The particle に (ni) is used to mark the agent.
For example, 先生に褒められました (Sensei ni homeraremashita) means
I was praised by the teacher.
This is the Japanese Direct Passive: Being Acted Upon (直接受身). However, Japanese also has the Indirect Passive: The 'Suffering' Passive, which is used when the action, even if not directly harmful, causes some inconvenience or negative feeling. For instance, 弟にお菓子を食べられた (Otōto ni okashi o taberareta) literally means
My snack was eaten by my younger brother,
but it carries the strong implication of "My snack was eaten by my younger brother, and I'm annoyed!" This nuance is what makes the passive voice so powerful for expressing personal experiences.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: «友達に会われる» (Tomodachi ni awareru)
Correct: «友達に会う» (Tomodachi ni au) or «友達に会った» (Tomodachi ni atta)
*Explanation:* While 会われる (awareru) is the passive form of 会う (au), it's rarely used in the direct passive sense of to be met. Instead, it's almost exclusively used in the suffering passive, implying someone unexpectedly meeting you in an inconvenient way. For simply meeting a friend, use the active form.
  1. 1Wrong: «先生は私に日本語を教られた» (Sensei wa watashi ni Nihongo o oshirareru)
Correct: «先生に日本語を教えてもらった» (Sensei ni Nihongo o oshiete moratta) or «先生は私に日本語を教えた» (Sensei ni Nihongo o oshieru)
*Explanation:* While 教えられる (oshierareru) is the passive form of 教える (oshieru), it's usually reserved for the suffering passive where the teaching itself is perceived as a burden or inconvenience. To express being taught by a teacher in a neutral or positive way, you would typically use the causative-passive form with もらう (morau), meaning
to receive the favor of being taught.

Real Conversations

A

A

昨日、雨に降られたよ。 (Kinō, ame ni fura reta yo.) (Yesterday, it rained on me.)
B

B

あら、それは大変だったね。 (Ara, sore wa taihen datta ne.) (Oh, that must have been tough.)
A

A

弟に宿題を消されたんだ! (Otōto ni shukudai o keshareta n da!) (My little brother erased my homework!)
B

B

ええ!それは許せないね。 (Ee! Sore wa yurusenai ne.) (What?! That's unforgivable!)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use the Japanese passive voice in B1 Japanese?

You should use the passive voice when you want to emphasize what happened to you or how an action affected you, rather than who performed the action. It's also crucial for expressing the suffering passive when an action causes you inconvenience or annoyance.

Q

How do I form the passive for verbs ending in -eru in Japanese grammar?

For ru-verbs (verbs ending in -eru, like 食べる taberu), you change the final 'ru' to 'rareru'. So, 食べる (taberu) becomes 食べられる (taberareru).

Q

What's the difference between direct and indirect passive in Japanese?

The Direct Passive simply states that an action was done to the subject (e.g., I was praised). The Indirect Passive, or 'Suffering' Passive, implies that the action, while done to the subject, caused some form of inconvenience, annoyance, or negative feeling (e.g., "My snack was eaten by my brother, and I'm upset!").

Q

How do I indicate who performed the action in a Japanese passive sentence?

You use the particle に (ni) after the noun that represents the performer of the action. For example, 先生に褒められた (Sensei ni homerareta) means

I was praised by the teacher.

Cultural Context

Native Japanese speakers frequently use the passive voice, especially the suffering passive, to express polite complaints or to subtly convey their feelings without being overly direct. This reflects a cultural preference for indirect communication and maintaining harmony. You'll hear it often when discussing minor inconveniences caused by others.

주요 예문 (2)

1

Dorobou ni saifu wo nusumareta.

도둑에게 지갑을 소매치기당했어요.

일본어 수동태: U-동사 (Ukemi-kei)
2

Tomodachi ni warawareta.

친구한테 비웃음을 샀어요.

일본어 수동태: U-동사 (Ukemi-kei)

팁과 요령 (4)

⚠️

'Wa'의 함정

'kau'의 수동형을 'ka-areru'라고 하면 안 돼요. 'u'로 끝나는 동사는 항상 'wa'를 써서 «買われる»라고 해야 자연스러워요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: U-동사 (Ukemi-kei)
🎯

조사 'に'를 찾아보세요

~られる로 끝나는 문장에서 누가 그 행동을 했는지 궁금하다면 앞의 사람을 보세요. 수동형에서 행동의 주체는 항상 로 표시하거든요. «弟に食べられた。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: ru-동사 (~られる)
🎯

마법의 'R' 사운드를 기억하세요!

수동형 변신이 헷갈린다면 항상 'R' 발음이 들어가는지 확인해 보세요. «される»나 «こられる»처럼 'R'이 들려야 진짜 수동형이에요!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동형: 불규칙 동사 (Suru & Kuru)
🎯

'u'가 'wa'로 변하는 규칙

言う買う처럼 'u'로 끝나는 동사는 'a'가 아닌 'wa'로 바뀌니 주의하세요! «言われる»라고 해야 자연스러워요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: 타인에게 영향을 받기 (に)

핵심 어휘 (5)

褒める(ほめる) to praise 踏む(ふむ) to step on 誘う(さそう) to invite 驚く(おどろく) to be surprised 信じる(しんじる) to believe

Real-World Preview

award

The Office Praise

Review Summary

  • U-verb -> ~areru
  • Subject + Target + ni + Object + ga + Passive

자주 하는 실수

The particle 'ni' is required to mark the agent in passive sentences, not 'o'.

Wrong: 私は先生を褒められました。
정답: 私は先生に褒められました。

In indirect passive, the subject is the victim, and the agent uses 'ni'.

Wrong: 弟がケーキを食べられました。
정답: 弟にケーキを食べられました。

The passive suffix is added directly to the verb stem, not as a separate word.

Wrong: 食べるをられました。
정답: 食べられました。

이 챕터의 규칙 (6)

Next Steps

You are doing amazing! The passive voice is a huge milestone in Japanese fluency. Keep practicing, and it will become second nature.

Write 5 sentences about annoying things that happened to you this week using the suffering passive.

빠른 연습 (10)

수동형 활용이 틀린 부분을 찾아 고쳐보세요.

猫に魚を食べらした。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 猫に魚を食べられた。
2그룹 동사인 食べる의 수동형은 られる를 붙인 食べられる입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: 타인에게 영향을 받기 (に)

행위자를 나타내는 알맞은 조사를 고르세요.

私は先生 ___ 褒められた。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
수동형 문장에서 행동을 한 사람(선생님) 뒤에는 조사 를 써야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: 타인에게 영향을 받기 (に)

잘못된 수동형 활용을 찾아보세요.

明日、彼にこされると困る。(Ashita, kare ni kosareru to komaru.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 明日、彼에 こられると困る。
'kuru'의 수동형은 'korareru'예요. 'kosareru'라는 말은 일본어에 없는 잘못된 형태랍니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동형: 불규칙 동사 (Suru & Kuru)

'상사에게 칭찬받았다'를 수동태로 올바르게 표현한 문장은?

다음 중 맞는 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {私|わたし}는{上司|じょうし}에{褒められました|ほめられました}。
수동태 문장에서 행동을 한 사람(상사) 뒤에는 'に'를, 받는 사람(나) 뒤에는 'は'나 '가'를 씁니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 직접 수동: 동작을 받는 입장 (直接受身)

다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

このビルは20年前に建てれました。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: このビルは20年前に建てられました。
수동형 ~られる~れる로 줄여 쓰는 것은 틀린 표현입니다. ru-동사인 建てる(타테루)는 建てられる가 올바른 수동형입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: ru-동사 (~られる)

'선생님께 들켰습니다(보여졌습니다)'라는 뜻의 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

다음 중 맞는 문장은?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 선생님께 보여졌습니다(들켰습니다).
見る의 수동형은 見られる입니다. 행동을 한 사람(선생님) 뒤에는 조사 に를 붙여야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: ru-동사 (~られる)

초대를 받았다는 의미의 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

어느 문장이 맞을까요?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 友達에 招待された。 (Tomodachi ni shoutai sareta.)
'shoutai sareta'는 '초대받았다'는 수동형이에요. 첫 번째는 내가 초대한 것이고, 세 번째는 시킨 것이랍니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동형: 불규칙 동사 (Suru & Kuru)

괄호 안의 동사를 알맞은 수동형으로 바꿔 빈칸을 채우세요.

ひどい!私のプリンが___!(食べる)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 食べられた
'먹음을 당했다'(피해 수동)를 표현하려면 ru-동사 食べる를 수동형인 食べられる로 바꾸고, 과거형인 食べられた를 써야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: ru-동사 (~られる)

'kaku'(쓰다)를 수동형으로 바꿔서 문장을 완성해 보세요.

이 책은 유명한 작가에 의해 ____。(이 책은 유명한 작가에 의해 쓰였다.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {書か|かか}れた
'kaku'를 수동형으로 만들려면 ku를 ka로 바꾸고 reru를 붙여요. 과거형이므로 'kakareta'가 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: U-동사 (Ukemi-kei)

'나는 켄에게 파티 초대를 받았다'는 뜻의 올바른 문장은?

가장 자연스러운 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 私はケンにパーティーに誘われた。
받는 사람은 , 행위자는 , 동사는 수동형인 誘われた를 사용한 문장이 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 수동태: 타인에게 영향을 받기 (に)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

네, 가능해요! 하지만 조금 격식 있는 느낌이에요. 예를 들어 '이 건물은 건설되었다'(«建設された»)처럼 쓰죠. 일상에서는 주로 사람의 경험을 말할 때 써요.
1그룹 동사(U-verb)는 '-reru'를 쓰고, 2그룹 동사(Ru-verb)는 '-rareru'를 써요. 규칙만 다를 뿐 뜻은 같아요.
정말 간단해요! 동사의 마지막 글자인 를 떼고 그 자리에 られる를 붙이면 끝이에요. 예를 들어 «見る»는 «見られる»가 됩니다.
아니요! 칭찬받거나(«褒められる»), 초대받는(«招待される») 것처럼 기분 좋은 일에도 자주 써요. 핵심은 내가 그 행동을 '받았다'는 점이에요.
네, 맞아요! 바로 suru(하다)와 kuru(오다)예요. surusareru로, kurukorareru로만 바뀐다고 외워두면 끝이에요.
수동형으로 쓰일 때는 보통 '원치 않는 방문' 같은 불편한 상황을 나타내요. 하지만 상사에게 사용할 때는 «先生がこられた»처럼 아주 존경하는 의미가 되니 문맥을 잘 봐야 해요.