C1 Prepositions & Connectors 22 min read むずかしい

フォーマルな譲歩:Embora, Mesmo que & 接続法

Formal concessive connectors like 'embora' and 'conquanto' always require the Subjunctive mood to express opposition without preventing the main action.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'embora' with the subjunctive for uncertainty, and 'mesmo que' for hypothetical scenarios to master formal concessions.

  • Embora + Subjunctive: Used for established facts that are conceded (e.g., 'Embora chova, sairei').
  • Mesmo que + Subjunctive: Used for hypothetical or future conditions (e.g., 'Mesmo que chova, sairei').
  • Apesar de + Infinitive: Used when the subject remains the same (e.g., 'Apesar de estar cansado, trabalhei').
Conjunction (Embora/Mesmo que) + Subjunctive Verb + , + Main Clause

Overview

議論に勝つために、あえて小さな負けを認めて、より大きな主張を通そうとしたことはありますか?それが「譲歩」のアートです。C1レベルのポルトガル語では、基本的な mas (しかし) や porém (けれども) の先へと進みます。私たちは今、ハイレベルな討論、学術論文、そして洗練されたLinkedInの投稿という領域に足を踏み入れています。これらの接続詞を使えば、「Xは事実だが、本当に重要なのはYだ」と言うことができます。これは言語的に「あなたの言うことはわかるけど、やっぱり私が正しい」と言っているようなものです。

How This Grammar Works

ここでの黄金律はシンプルですが厳格です:フォーマルな譲歩の接続詞は接続法(Subjunctive Mood)を誘発します。 なぜでしょうか?それは、あなたが現実、仮定、あるいは主な結果とは無関係な条件を提示しているからです。単なる事実ではなく、一方が他方を妨げないという2つのアイデアの関係性について話しているのです。英語では
Although he *is* rich
と言うかもしれませんが、ポルトガル語では
Embora ele *seja* rico
と要求されます。ムード(法)が変わることで、平坦な陳述からニュアンスのある譲歩へと雰囲気が変わります。

Formation Pattern

1
これらの洗練された文を作るには、次の3ステップのフローに従ってください:
2
接続詞: 武器を選びます (Embora, Ainda que, Conquanto, Posto que, Por mais que)。
3
主語: 誰について、あるいは何について話していますか?
4
接続法の動詞: これは交渉不可能です。現在の/未来のアイデアには現在接続法(Present Subjunctive)、過去の文脈には過去接続法(Imperfect Subjunctive)を使用します。
5
* Embora (~だけれども) + ele (彼) + saiba (知っている - 接続法)
6
* Por mais que (どんなに~しても) + eu (私) + tentasse (試みた - 接続法)

When To Use It

教養があるように、説得力があるように、あるいはドラマチックに聞こえたいときにこれらを使用します。conquantoposto que は法的文書、真面目なジャーナリズム、あるいは文学(Saramagoを想像してください)で見かけるでしょう。emboramesmo que は日常の仕事のメール (e-mails de trabalho)、正式な苦情、あるいはブラジル人の友人に、本当に行きたいけれどシュラスコ(churrasco)に行けない理由を説明するときに使います。謙虚に自慢したいときのソーシャルメディアのキャプションにも最適です:「ハイキングは疲れ果てたけど(Even though)、景色を見る価値はあった。」

Common Mistakes

ナンバーワンの罪?直説法(Indicative)を使うことです。
* 間違い: Embora ele *está* cansado. (これは耳が痛い!)
* 正解: Embora ele *esteja* cansado.
もう一つの間違いは、接続詞の「強度」を混同することです。Por mais que は努力(「どんなに~しても…」)を暗示しますが、Conquanto は単におしゃれな「~だけれども(Although)」です。19世紀の詩人と付き合っているのでない限り、好きな人へのテキストメッセージで Conquanto を使わないでください。

Contrast With Similar Patterns

ここでの戦いは Apesar deEmbora です。
* Apesar de は柔軟な友人です。通常、不定詞(Infinitive)(特に人称不定詞)を取ります。少しフォーマルさは下がりますが、非常に一般的です。Apesar de estar chovendo... (雨が降っているにもかかわらず...)
* Embora は厳しい教授です。接続法(Subjunctive)を要求します。Embora esteja chovendo... (雨が降っているけれども...)
どちらもおおよそ同じ意味ですが、そこに至る文法的な道のりは完全に異なります。活用が面倒なときは Apesar de を選びましょう!

Quick FAQ

Q

*embora* と一緒に直説法を使うことはありますか?

標準文法では?いいえ。非常に口語的な話し言葉のブラジルポルトガル語では聞くかもしれませんが、C1レベルや試験では、それは大失敗です。

Q

*posto que* は常に譲歩ですか?

厄介です!歴史的には原因(~なので)を表すこともありましたが、現代の標準ポルトガル語では圧倒的に譲歩(~だけれども)です。安全のために「~だけれども」として使うことに固執してください。

Q

どれが最もフォーマルですか?

Conquanto が優勝です。それは接続詞のタキシードです。

Concessive Connector Moods

Connector Mood Required Example Verb Translation
Embora
Subjunctive
Seja
Although it is
Mesmo que
Subjunctive
Even if I go
Ainda que
Subjunctive
Tenha
Even though I have
Apesar de
Infinitive
Estar
Despite being
Conquanto
Subjunctive
Saiba
Although I know
Posto que
Subjunctive
Faça
Although I do

Meanings

These connectors introduce a clause that contrasts with the main clause, indicating that the main action happens despite the obstacle.

1

Fact-based concession

Acknowledging a reality that does not prevent the main action.

“Embora saiba a verdade, ele não diz nada.”

“Embora o projeto seja caro, é necessário.”

2

Hypothetical concession

Expressing that an action will happen regardless of a potential obstacle.

“Mesmo que chova, iremos à praia.”

“Mesmo que ele peça desculpas, não vou perdoar.”

3

Infinitive concession

Using 'apesar de' followed by an infinitive verb.

“Apesar de estar tarde, continuamos.”

“Apesar de ter dinheiro, ele é avarento.”

Reference Table

Reference table for フォーマルな譲歩:Embora, Mesmo que & 接続法
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Embora + Subj
Embora chova, vou.
Negative
Embora + não + Subj
Embora não queira, vou.
Hypothetical
Mesmo que + Subj
Mesmo que chova, vou.
Infinitive
Apesar de + Inf
Apesar de chover, vou.
Past
Embora + Imperf Subj
Embora chovesse, fui.
Future
Mesmo que + Fut Subj
Mesmo que chova, irei.

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Embora seja dispendioso, irei adquiri-lo.

Embora seja dispendioso, irei adquiri-lo. (Shopping)

ニュートラル
Embora seja caro, vou comprar.

Embora seja caro, vou comprar. (Shopping)

カジュアル
Mesmo sendo caro, vou comprar.

Mesmo sendo caro, vou comprar. (Shopping)

スラング
Tá caro, mas vou levar mesmo assim.

Tá caro, mas vou levar mesmo assim. (Shopping)

Concessive Connectors Map

Concession

Fact

  • Embora Although

Hypothesis

  • Mesmo que Even if

Preposition

  • Apesar de Despite

レベル別の例文

1

Embora seja difícil, eu estudo.

Although it is difficult, I study.

2

Embora chova, eu saio.

Although it rains, I go out.

3

Embora seja cedo, acordo.

Although it is early, I wake up.

4

Embora esteja frio, vou.

Although it is cold, I go.

1

Mesmo que você não queira, eu vou.

Even if you don't want to, I will go.

2

Apesar de estar cansado, estudo.

Despite being tired, I study.

3

Embora ele fale muito, não diz nada.

Although he talks a lot, he says nothing.

4

Mesmo que seja caro, eu compro.

Even if it is expensive, I buy it.

1

Embora tenhamos pouco tempo, vamos terminar.

Although we have little time, we will finish.

2

Mesmo que ele tivesse dinheiro, não compraria.

Even if he had money, he wouldn't buy it.

3

Apesar de ter estudado, ele falhou.

Despite having studied, he failed.

4

Embora seja um problema, há solução.

Although it is a problem, there is a solution.

1

Embora a situação seja complexa, manteremos a calma.

Although the situation is complex, we will remain calm.

2

Mesmo que a proposta pareça boa, devemos analisar.

Even if the proposal seems good, we must analyze it.

3

Apesar de ser uma decisão difícil, é necessária.

Despite being a difficult decision, it is necessary.

4

Embora não saibamos o resultado, continuaremos.

Although we don't know the result, we will continue.

1

Embora se tenha discutido o tema, não houve consenso.

Although the topic was discussed, there was no consensus.

2

Mesmo que tivéssemos previsto, não teríamos evitado.

Even if we had foreseen it, we wouldn't have avoided it.

3

Ainda que a evidência seja clara, ele nega.

Even though the evidence is clear, he denies it.

4

Conquanto seja louvável, a iniciativa falhou.

Although it is praiseworthy, the initiative failed.

1

Embora o autor tenha tentado, a obra permanece obscura.

Although the author tried, the work remains obscure.

2

Mesmo que se considere o contexto, a falha é grave.

Even if one considers the context, the failure is serious.

3

Posto que seja verdade, não justifica o ato.

Although it is true, it does not justify the act.

4

Apesar de haver discordância, o acordo foi assinado.

Despite there being disagreement, the agreement was signed.

間違えやすい

Formal Concessions: Though, Although & Even If (Subjunctive) Mas vs Embora

Learners use 'mas' as a direct translation for 'although'.

Formal Concessions: Though, Although & Even If (Subjunctive) Apesar de vs Embora

Learners use 'embora' with an infinitive.

Formal Concessions: Though, Although & Even If (Subjunctive) Mesmo que vs Ainda que

Learners think they are different in meaning.

よくある間違い

Embora é tarde.

Embora seja tarde.

Embora requires the subjunctive.

Embora estar tarde.

Embora seja tarde.

Embora needs a conjugated verb.

Mesmo que ele vai.

Mesmo que ele vá.

Mesmo que requires subjunctive.

Apesar de que ele vai.

Apesar de ele ir.

Apesar de takes the infinitive.

Embora ele tem dinheiro.

Embora ele tenha dinheiro.

Subjunctive required.

Mesmo que ele tem.

Mesmo que ele tenha.

Subjunctive required.

Apesar de ele tem.

Apesar de ele ter.

Infinitive required.

Embora ele sabia.

Embora ele soubesse.

Imperfect subjunctive required for past.

Mesmo que ele sabia.

Mesmo que ele soubesse.

Imperfect subjunctive required.

Apesar de ele sabia.

Apesar de ele saber.

Infinitive required.

Embora ele tem tido.

Embora ele tenha tido.

Perfect subjunctive required.

Mesmo que ele teria.

Mesmo que ele tivesse.

Imperfect subjunctive required.

Ainda que ele vai.

Ainda que ele vá.

Subjunctive required.

Conquanto ele é.

Conquanto ele seja.

Subjunctive required.

文型パターン

Embora ___ (verb), ___ (main clause).

Mesmo que ___ (verb), ___ (main clause).

Apesar de ___ (verb), ___ (main clause).

Ainda que ___ (verb), ___ (main clause).

Real World Usage

Professional Email very common

Embora tenhamos um atraso, o projeto será entregue.

Social Media Debate common

Mesmo que você discorde, os dados são reais.

Travel Planning occasional

Apesar de estar chovendo, vamos sair.

Food Delivery App rare

Embora o restaurante esteja fechado, o pedido foi aceito.

Job Interview common

Embora eu não tenha experiência, aprendo rápido.

Texting common

Mesmo que demore, eu vou.

💡

The Subjunctive Trigger

Whenever you see 'embora' or 'mesmo que', immediately think: 'I need the subjunctive'.
⚠️

Avoid Indicative

Using the indicative after 'embora' is the most common mistake. It sounds unnatural to native speakers.
🎯

Use 'Apesar de' for simplicity

If you are struggling with subjunctive conjugation, use 'apesar de' + infinitive to express the same idea.
💬

Regional Nuance

In Portugal, you will hear the personal infinitive more often than in Brazil.

Smart Tips

Use 'Embora' to soften a negative point.

O projeto está atrasado. Embora o projeto esteja atrasado, estamos trabalhando nele.

Use 'Ainda que' to show you've considered the other side.

Você está errado. Ainda que você tenha um ponto, a conclusão é outra.

Use 'Mesmo que' to show determination.

Vou viajar se chover. Mesmo que chova, vou viajar.

Use 'Apesar de' to avoid complex verb forms.

Embora eu esteja cansado, vou. Apesar de estar cansado, vou.

発音

/ẽˈbo.ɾɐ/

Embora

Stress on the second syllable: em-BO-ra.

/ˈmeʒ.mu/

Mesmo

The 's' is often pronounced as 'sh' in Rio or 's' in São Paulo.

Rising-Falling

Embora chova (rise), eu vou (fall).

Indicates the contrast between the two clauses.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Embora is a Fact, Mesmo que is a Guess.

視覚的連想

Imagine a person walking through a storm (the obstacle) with an umbrella (the concession). The umbrella is the 'Embora' that protects the main action.

Rhyme

Embora é fato, mesmo que é incerto, use o subjuntivo para estar correto.

Story

Maria wanted to go to the party. Although (Embora) it was raining, she went. Even if (Mesmo que) it had snowed, she would have gone. Despite (Apesar de) the storm, she had fun.

Word Web

EmboraMesmo queApesar deAinda queConquantoSubjuntivo

チャレンジ

Write 3 sentences about your day: one with 'Embora', one with 'Mesmo que', and one with 'Apesar de'.

文化メモ

Brazilians often use 'mesmo que' in casual speech, while 'embora' is reserved for writing.

European Portuguese speakers frequently use the personal infinitive after 'apesar de'.

In academic writing, 'conquanto' is preferred over 'embora'.

These constructions evolved from Latin concessive clauses using the subjunctive mood.

会話のきっかけ

Embora você esteja ocupado, pode me ajudar?

Mesmo que ganhasse na loteria, você trabalharia?

Apesar de ser difícil, você gosta de aprender português?

Embora o mundo mude, o que você acha que permanece igual?

日記のテーマ

Write about a goal you have. Use 'Embora' to describe a challenge.
Describe a hypothetical scenario. Use 'Mesmo que'.
Reflect on a past failure. Use 'Apesar de'.
Argue for a controversial topic. Use 'Ainda que'.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct verb form.

Embora ele (saber) a verdade, não diz nada.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: saiba
Embora requires the present subjunctive.
Choose the correct connector. 選択問題

___ chova, vou sair.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Embora
Embora is followed by a conjugated verb.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Apesar de ele estuda, não aprende.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Apesar de ele estudar
Apesar de requires the infinitive.
Transform the sentence using 'Apesar de'. Sentence Transformation

Embora ele seja rico, é infeliz.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Apesar de ele ser rico
Apesar de takes the infinitive.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Mesmo que requires the indicative mood.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Mesmo que requires the subjunctive.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Ele vai vir? B: ___ ele prometa, não confio.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Embora
Embora fits the concessive context.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use: 'Mesmo que', 'eu', 'não', 'querer', 'ir'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mesmo que eu não queira, vou.
Correct subjunctive conjugation.
Match the connector to its mood. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Subjunctive / Infinitive
Embora takes subjunctive, Apesar de takes infinitive.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct verb form.

Embora ele (saber) a verdade, não diz nada.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: saiba
Embora requires the present subjunctive.
Choose the correct connector. 選択問題

___ chova, vou sair.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Embora
Embora is followed by a conjugated verb.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Apesar de ele estuda, não aprende.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Apesar de ele estudar
Apesar de requires the infinitive.
Transform the sentence using 'Apesar de'. Sentence Transformation

Embora ele seja rico, é infeliz.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Apesar de ele ser rico
Apesar de takes the infinitive.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Mesmo que requires the indicative mood.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Mesmo que requires the subjunctive.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Ele vai vir? B: ___ ele prometa, não confio.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Embora
Embora fits the concessive context.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use: 'Mesmo que', 'eu', 'não', 'querer', 'ir'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mesmo que eu não queira, vou.
Correct subjunctive conjugation.
Match the connector to its mood. Match Pairs

Embora / Apesar de

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Subjunctive / Infinitive
Embora takes subjunctive, Apesar de takes infinitive.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete with the Present Subjunctive. 穴埋め問題

Vou à praia, embora ___ (chover).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: chova
Complete with the correct connector. 穴埋め問題

___ (No matter how much) eu corra, sempre chego atrasado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Por mais que
Arrange the words to form a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

seja / Embora / difícil / tentarei / eu

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Embora seja difícil, eu tentarei.
Select the correct verb mood. 選択問題

Mesmo que nós ___ (ter) tempo, não iríamos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivéssemos
Translate 'Even though he is my friend' using a formal connector. 翻訳

Even though he is my friend...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Embora ele seja meu amigo...
Fix the error. Error Correction

Por muito que você fala, ninguém te escuta.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Por muito que você fale...
Match the connector to its closest synonym. Match Pairs

Match the pairs.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Embora - Ainda que
Choose the formal connector. 穴埋め問題

___ (Albeit) seja tarde, continuaremos a reunião.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Conquanto
Which implies a hypothetical situation? 選択問題

Select the sentence implying 'Even IF':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mesmo que eu soubesse a verdade.
Identify the incorrect mood usage. Error Correction

Posto que o dia está bonito, ficaremos em casa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Posto que o dia esteja bonito...

Score: /10

よくある質問 (8)

No, it is grammatically incorrect in standard Portuguese.

They are synonyms, but 'ainda que' is more formal.

No, 'apesar de' takes the infinitive.

It is usually used for hypothetical situations.

It is a versatile connector that fits well in casual speech.

No, it must introduce the concessive clause.

You can use 'apesar de' + infinitive to avoid repeating the subject.

Yes, but 'mesmo que' is more frequent in casual conversation.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Aunque + subjuntivo/indicativo

Spanish allows the indicative after 'aunque' for facts, whereas Portuguese prefers the subjunctive.

French high

Bien que + subjonctif

French has a more rigid subjunctive requirement than Portuguese.

German moderate

Obwohl + indicativo

German does not use the subjunctive for concessive clauses.

Japanese low

~temo / ~noni

Japanese lacks a mood system like the Romance subjunctive.

Arabic moderate

رغم أن (raghma anna)

Arabic does not have a subjunctive mood for this specific structure.

Chinese low

虽然...但是... (suīrán... dànshì...)

Chinese has no verb conjugation or mood system.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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