A1 · 初級 チャプター 5

Can You Do It? Expressing Potential

6 トータルルール
61 例文
7

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power to express what is physically or circumstantially possible in your daily life.

  • Express successful outcomes using the 'de' structure.
  • Identify limitations and barriers using the 'bu' structure.
  • Differentiate between physical ability and situational possibility.
Mastering the 'Can-Do' Spirit in Chinese Grammar!

学べること

Hey there, language explorer! This chapter is all about unlocking a super practical skill in Chinese: confidently talking about what's possible and what's not. Ever wanted to say, 'I can finish eating this' or 'I can't lift that table'? You're about to master exactly that! In this chapter, you'll dive into the exciting world of 'Potential Complements' (Verb + 得/不 + Result). These clever structures help you express if an action can actually reach its intended outcome. We'll start by learning how to confidently say, 'Yes, I can achieve this result' using 'Verb + 得 + Result'. Then, for those moments when you just can't make something happen, you'll learn how to use 'Verb + 不 + Result' – it's as simple as inserting '不' (bù) in between! After that, we'll turn things into questions: 'Can you achieve this?' by just adding '吗' (ma) at the end. Next, we'll explore the nuances of 'V-得了' (dé liǎo) and 'V-不了' (bù liǎo). These powerful phrases let you express if you have the capacity, ability, or suitable circumstances to complete an action, or if something is simply beyond your ability to handle. Think about saying, 'I can't possibly finish all this homework tonight' because you're too tired, or 'I'm so tired, I can't keep going.' Imagine you're at a bustling Chinese restaurant, and you want to ask your friend, 'Can you finish all that food?' or your colleague asks if you 'Can you handle this extra task?' By the end of this chapter, you'll feel completely confident discussing what you and others can or cannot achieve, tackle, or complete. Don't sweat it – this is much easier than it sounds! We'll break it down step-by-step, and you'll be amazed at what you can say in Chinese!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: describe if you can see, hear, or finish something using V+得+R.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: explain why you cannot complete a task due to external factors using V+不了.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: ask polite questions about someone's capacity to handle a situation.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Welcome to a truly practical chapter in your Chinese grammar A1 journey. This guide is all about unlocking the power to express what you *can* and *cannot* do, achieve, or handle in Chinese.
Imagine being able to confidently say,
I can finish this meal!
or "I can't lift that heavy box." That's exactly what we're aiming for here! This skill is fundamental for everyday communication and will significantly boost your confidence as you navigate conversations.
At the heart of this chapter are Potential Complements, a unique and incredibly useful feature of A1 Chinese grammar. These aren't just fancy terms; they're straightforward structures that let you express if an action can actually reach its intended outcome. We'll explore two main types: Verb + 得 + Result for expressing possibility and Verb + 不 + Result for impossibility.
You'll also learn the versatile V-得了 (dé liǎo) and V-不了 (bù liǎo), which are perfect for talking about capacity, ability, or whether circumstances allow an action.
Mastering these structures will not only help you clearly communicate your capabilities but also understand others better. Whether you're asking a friend if they can understand a complex sentence or explaining to a shopkeeper that you cannot carry a large item, these phrases are essential. By the end of this guide, you'll be well-equipped to discuss potential and limitations like a pro, moving you closer to fluency in CEFR A1 Chinese.
Let's dive in and make possibility a reality in your Chinese conversations!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces you to the fascinating world of Potential Complements, which allow you to express whether an action can achieve a particular result. First up is
Chinese Potential Complements: Can you reach the result? (V + 得 + R)
.
This structure shows that an action *can* achieve its desired outcome. For example, 看得懂 (kàn de dǒng - can understand by reading) means you are able to read something and comprehend its meaning. Another common one is 吃得完 (chī de wán - can finish eating), indicating you have the capacity to eat all the food.
Next, for those times when an action *cannot* achieve its result, we use
Cannot Do It: Chinese Negative Potential Complements (V + 不 + Result)
. This is formed by simply replacing (de) with (bù). So, if you can't understand what you're reading, you'd say 看不懂 (kàn bu dǒng - cannot understand by reading).
If the meal is too big, you'd say 吃不完 (chī bu wán - cannot finish eating). Notice how and slot right in between the verb and the result complement.
To turn these statements into questions, we use "Asking 'Can you?' with Potential Complements". It's super easy: just add (ma) at the end of the positive statement. For instance, to ask
Can you understand it?
, you'd say 看得懂吗? (kàn de dǒng ma?).
Or,
Can you finish it?
becomes 吃得完吗? (chī de wán ma?).
Finally, we explore "Can or Can't? Using V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo)". These are powerful phrases that express whether you have the capacity, ability, or suitable circumstances to complete an action, or if something is simply beyond your ability to handle.
V-得了 (verb-dé liǎo) means you *can* manage, bear, or handle something. For example, 受得了 (shòu de liǎo - can bear/endure it). Conversely, "Chinese 'Cannot Finish' (不了 bù liǎo) or Can you handle it?
(Verb + de liǎo)" becomes V-不了 (verb-bù liǎo), meaning you *cannot* manage, bear, or handle it. Like 受不了 (shòu bu liǎo - cannot bear/endure it), often due to being too tired, too much, or too difficult. This covers a broader sense of capability than just achieving a specific result.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: 我能吃不完。 (Wǒ néng chī bù wán.)
Correct: 我吃不完。 (Wǒ chī bu wán.)
*Explanation:* The potential complement 吃不完 (chī bu wán - cannot finish eating) already expresses inability. You don't need to add (néng - can/be able to) before it. is for general ability or permission, while potential complements focus on whether an action can achieve a specific result.
  1. 1Wrong: 我不看得懂。 (Wǒ bù kàn de dǒng.)
Correct: 我看不懂。 (Wǒ kàn bu dǒng.)
*Explanation:* For negative potential complements, (bù) *always* goes between the verb and the result complement. You don't put before the verb.
  1. 1Wrong: 我听不明白。 (Wǒ tīng bu míngbái.) (Meaning: I can't understand what you're saying because it's too loud/fast/unclear.)
Correct: 我听不懂。 (Wǒ tīng bu dǒng.) or 我听不了。 (Wǒ tīng bu liǎo.)
*Explanation:* While 听不明白 (tīng bu míngbái) means cannot understand clearly, if you mean
I cannot understand [the meaning of the content],
听不懂 (tīng bu dǒng) is the standard and more direct expression. 听不了 (tīng bu liǎo) implies
I cannot bear to listen to it
or
I am unable to listen
(e.g., due to noise, or capacity, like "I can't listen to another word"). It's important to choose the correct result complement or -了 for the nuance you want.

Real Conversations

A

A

这份作业你今天做得完吗? (Zhè fèn zuòyè nǐ jīntiān zuò de wán ma?)

(Can you finish this homework today?)

B

B

我可能做得完,但是会很晚。 (Wǒ kěnéng zuò de wán, dànshì huì hěn wǎn.)

(I probably can finish it, but it will be very late.)

A

A

这首歌太吵了,我受不了! (Zhè shǒu gē tài chǎo le, wǒ shòu bu liǎo!)

(This song is too noisy, I can't stand it!)

B

B

是啊,我也听不了。我们换一首吧。 (Shì a, wǒ yě tīng bu liǎo. Wǒmen huàn yī shǒu ba.)

(Yeah, I can't listen to it either. Let's change the song.)

A

A

这个字我看不懂,你能教我吗? (Zhège zì wǒ kàn bu dǒng, nǐ néng jiāo wǒ ma?)

(I can't understand this character, can you teach me?)

B

B

没问题,我看得懂。 (Méi wèntí, wǒ kàn de dǒng.)

(No problem, I can understand it.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the difference between 可以 and V + 得 in Chinese?

可以 (kěyǐ) expresses general ability or permission (e.g., I *can* swim, You *can* go). V + 得 + Result focuses specifically on whether an action can achieve a particular outcome (e.g.,

I *can* finish eating *this*,
I *can* understand *that* book
).

Q

How do I make a negative potential complement in Chinese?

You form a negative potential complement by placing (bù) directly between the verb and the result complement. For example, 吃不完 (chī bu wán - cannot finish eating) or 看不懂 (kàn bu dǒng - cannot understand by reading).

Q

When should I use V-得了 versus V + 得 + Result?

V + 得 + Result indicates if an action can achieve a *specific, concrete result* (e.g., 吃得完 - can finish eating). V-得了 (V-dé liǎo) is more about general capacity, ability to handle, or circumstances allowing an action (e.g., 受得了 - can bear/endure it). It often implies a broader sense of manageability.

Q

Is 不了 always about not being able to finish?

While V-不了 (V-bù liǎo) can sometimes mean cannot finish in a general sense (e.g., 做不了 - cannot do/manage it), it more broadly expresses inability to *manage, bear, or handle* something, often due to external factors, capacity, or circumstances. It's distinct from V + 不 + 完 (cannot finish *all* of something).

Cultural Context

In Chinese culture, being clear about one's capabilities and limitations, especially in practical matters, is highly valued. Using Potential Complements like 吃得完吗? (chī de wán ma? - Can you finish eating it?) or 我听不懂 (wǒ tīng bu dǒng - I can't understand it) allows for direct and efficient communication.
It reflects a pragmatic approach where clarity about what can or cannot be achieved is important for planning and cooperation. It's not seen as impolite to state "I can't do it" using these structures; rather, it’s a helpful way to manage expectations and avoid misunderstandings.

重要な例文 (8)

1

{这么多菜,你吃得完吗|Zhème duō cài, nǐ chī de wán ma}?

こんなにたくさん料理があるけど、全部食べきれる?

中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)
2

{网速太慢了,我打得开这个网页|Wǎngsù tài màn le, wǒ dǎ de kāi zhè ge wǎngyè}.

ネットがすごく遅いけど、このページは開けるよ。

中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)
3

{我|Wǒ}{听不懂|tīng bu dǒng}{他|tā}{说|shuō}{什么|shénme}。

彼が何を言っているのか理解できません。

できない!中国語のネガティブ可能補語(動詞 + 不 + 結果)
4

{菜单|càidān}{全是|quán shì}{汉字|Hànzì},{我|wǒ}{看不懂|kàn bu dǒng}。

メニューが全部漢字で、読んでも意味がわかりません。

できない!中国語のネガティブ可能補語(動詞 + 不 + 結果)
5

我吃不了这么多菜。

こんなにたくさんの料理、食べきれません。

やり遂げられる? (動詞 + 得了/不了)
6

明天我有事,去不了聚会。

明日は用事があるので、パーティーには行けません。

やり遂げられる? (動詞 + 得了/不了)
7

今天的会议我{去不了|qù bu liǎo}了,突然有急事。

急な用事ができて、今日の会議には行けなくなりました。

できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方
8

这么多好吃的,我感觉我{停不了|tíng bu liǎo}嘴!

美味しいものが多すぎて、食べるのが止まらないよ!

できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「得」を「〜できる」という橋だと考えよう

語順に迷ったら、 «{看得懂|kàn de dǒng}» を「見て・できる・理解する」という順番でイメージしてみて。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)
💡

サンドイッチのルール

動詞と結果をパンに見立てて、«不» を具として挟むイメージです。 «不» は絶対に外側には置きません! «听不懂» の形を崩さないでくださいね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: できない!中国語のネガティブ可能補語(動詞 + 不 + 結果)
💡

「得」は魔法の架け橋

質問するときは「得」を忘れないで! «你吃完吗?» だと「食べた?」という意味に聞こえちゃいます。 «你吃得完吗?» で「食べきれる?」になります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 可能補語(得)を使って「できますか?」と聞く
⚠️

発音に注意!

この時の「了」は「le」ではなく「liǎo」と発音します。「le」と言うと意味が通じなくなっちゃうので気をつけて。 «我吃不了»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の「できない・終わらない」(不了 bù liǎo)

重要な語彙 (7)

完(wán) finished / completed 懂(dǒng) understand 见(jiàn) perceive (see/hear) 吃(chī) eat 动(dòng) move 走(zǒu) walk / leave 做(zuò) do / make

Real-World Preview

utensils-cross-lines

The Crowded Restaurant

volume-x

A Noisy Classroom

Review Summary

  • Verb + 得 + Result
  • Verb + 不 + Result
  • Verb + 得了 / 不了

よくある間違い

While '不能' sounds okay to English speakers, Chinese speakers almost exclusively use potential complements (V+不+R) to express inability to reach a result like 'understanding'.

Wrong: 我不能听懂。(Wǒ bù néng tīng dǒng.)
正解: 我听不懂。(Wǒ tīng bù dǒng.)

You cannot use both '得' and '不' together. It is either '得' for positive or '不' for negative.

Wrong: 我看不得见。(Wǒ kàn bù de jiàn.)
正解: 看不见 (kàn bù jiàn)

Learners often confuse 'liǎo' (potential) with the particle 'le'. In '吃不了', 'liǎo' is a verb meaning 'to finish/complete'.

Wrong: 我吃不完了。(Wǒ chī bù wán le.) vs 我吃不了。(Wǒ chī bù liǎo.)
正解: Both are correct but mean different things. Use '不了' for general capacity.

このチャプターのルール (6)

Next Steps

You've just conquered one of the most unique and powerful features of Chinese grammar! Potential complements add so much flavor and precision to your speech. Keep practicing, and soon they will feel like second nature!

Look around your room and list 3 things you 'kàn de jiàn' (can see) and 3 things you 'kàn bù jiàn' (cannot see).

Try to say 'I can't finish this' next time you have a large meal.

クイック練習 (10)

発音や使い方の間違いを見つけて直してください。

彼はこう言いました: 'Wǒ kàn bù le zhè běn shū.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Wǒ kàn bù liǎo zhè běn shū.
可能補語の「了」は、必ず「liǎo」と発音しなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の「できない・終わらない」(不了 bù liǎo)

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

音乐太大声了,我睡不了觉。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 音乐太大声了,我睡不着觉。
「(うるさくて)寝付けない」という特定の状態には «睡不着» を使うのが一般的です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方

「できない」という気持ちを表す言葉を選んでください。

这个挑战太难了,我真的 ______。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 接受不了
「難しすぎて受け入れられない(こなせない)」と言う時は «接受不了» が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方

「食べきれる」という意味の文はどれ?

料理を完食できることを自然に伝える表現を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我吃得完|Wǒ chī de wán}.
「能吃完」も間違いではありませんが、「吃得完」の方がネイティブらしい可能補語の形です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)

「食べきれない」を正しく表現している文はどれ?

正しい文を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这两个都对。
量が多くて終わらない「吃不完」も、お腹の容量的に無理な「吃不了」も、この文脈では両方使われます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の「できない・終わらない」(不了 bù liǎo)

間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

{这|zhè} {个|ge} {工作|gōngzuò} {他|tā} {做|zuò} {不|bù} {能|néng} {了|le}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这个工作他做不了。
パターンは「動詞 + 不 + 了」です。この補語の構造の中に「能」を入れることはできません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やり遂げられる? (動詞 + 得了/不了)

文の中の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

{我听の懂老师的话|Wǒ tīng de dǒng lǎoshī de huà}.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我听得懂老师的话|Wǒ tīng de dǒng lǎoshī de huà}.
可能補語には、所有を表す「的」ではなく、専用の助詞「得」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)

お腹がいっぱいでもう食べられない時、最も自然なのは?

Choose the most natural sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我太饱了,吃不了了。
物理的な限界で食べられない時は «吃不了» を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方

正しい文を選んでください。

「今日は仕事に行けません」と言うのに最も自然なのは?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我今天去不了公司。
「去不了」は、何か外的な理由があって行くことが不可能であることを示す、最も自然な言い方です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やり遂げられる? (動詞 + 得了/不了)

「読んで理解できる」と言いたい時、空欄を埋めてください。

{那本书很复杂,你___吗|Nà běn shū hěn fùzá, nǐ ___ ma}?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 看得懂
可能性を示すには「動詞 + 得 + 結果」のパターンが必要です。「看」+「得」+「懂」となります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

今の状況で、ある動作の結果にたどり着けるかどうかを表します。例えば «{看得见|kàn de jiàn}» は「(視界に入って)見える」という意味です。
「得」は結果を可能にする「リンク」の役割をします。これがないと、ただの動作と結果がバラバラになってしまいます。 «{看得懂|kàn de dǒng}»
動詞の後ろにくっついて、その動作の「結果」を説明する言葉です。例えば「聞く」に対する「理解する」が結果にあたります。 «听不懂»
動作と結果がセットになっているからです。その間に «不» を入れることで、「結果にたどり着く道が壊れている」ことを示します。 «找不到»
はい、でも意味が変わります。 «你听不懂吗?» は「わからないの?」という、驚きや確認のニュアンスになります。
«听得懂» は結果(理解できるか)に注目します。 «能听懂» は能力や条件があるかに注目しますが、会話ではよく入れ替わります。