Chapter in 30 Seconds
Unlock the power to express what is physically or circumstantially possible in your daily life.
- Express successful outcomes using the 'de' structure.
- Identify limitations and barriers using the 'bu' structure.
- Differentiate between physical ability and situational possibility.
学べること
Hey there, language explorer! This chapter is all about unlocking a super practical skill in Chinese: confidently talking about what's possible and what's not. Ever wanted to say, 'I can finish eating this' or 'I can't lift that table'? You're about to master exactly that! In this chapter, you'll dive into the exciting world of 'Potential Complements' (Verb + 得/不 + Result). These clever structures help you express if an action can actually reach its intended outcome. We'll start by learning how to confidently say, 'Yes, I can achieve this result' using 'Verb + 得 + Result'. Then, for those moments when you just can't make something happen, you'll learn how to use 'Verb + 不 + Result' – it's as simple as inserting '不' (bù) in between! After that, we'll turn things into questions: 'Can you achieve this?' by just adding '吗' (ma) at the end. Next, we'll explore the nuances of 'V-得了' (dé liǎo) and 'V-不了' (bù liǎo). These powerful phrases let you express if you have the capacity, ability, or suitable circumstances to complete an action, or if something is simply beyond your ability to handle. Think about saying, 'I can't possibly finish all this homework tonight' because you're too tired, or 'I'm so tired, I can't keep going.' Imagine you're at a bustling Chinese restaurant, and you want to ask your friend, 'Can you finish all that food?' or your colleague asks if you 'Can you handle this extra task?' By the end of this chapter, you'll feel completely confident discussing what you and others can or cannot achieve, tackle, or complete. Don't sweat it – this is much easier than it sounds! We'll break it down step-by-step, and you'll be amazed at what you can say in Chinese!
-
中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)可能補語は、ある動作が結果にたどり着けるかを確認するツールです。 «得» «可能» «結果» がキーワード!
-
できない!中国語のネガティブ可能補語(動詞 + 不 + 結果)動詞と結果の間に «不» を挟むだけで、「頑張っても結果に届かない」というニュアンスになります。 «听不懂» や «買不起» のように、セットで覚えちゃいましょう!
-
可能補語(得)を使って「できますか?」と聞く「動詞 + 得 + 結果 + 吗?」の形で、ある結果が実現できるかどうかを質問できます。 «听得懂» や «看得见» が代表的なフレーズです。
-
中国語の「できない・終わらない」(不了 bù liǎo)自分の意志ではなく、状況や環境のせいで「どうしても〜できない」時は
Verb + 不了を使いましょう。 «去不了» や «吃不了» が代表的なキーワードです。 -
やり遂げられる? (動詞 + 得了/不了)自分の体力や今の状況で、そのアクションを「最後までやり遂げられるか」を伝えたいときは «得了» や «不了» を使いましょう。
-
できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方動詞の後に「得了/不了」をつけるだけで、自分のキャパシティを伝えられます。「得了」は «できる»、「不了」は «できない» という便利なセットです。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
-
1
By the end you will be able to: describe if you can see, hear, or finish something using V+得+R.
-
2
By the end you will be able to: explain why you cannot complete a task due to external factors using V+不了.
-
3
By the end you will be able to: ask polite questions about someone's capacity to handle a situation.
チャプターガイド
Overview
I can finish this meal!or "I can't lift that heavy box." That's exactly what we're aiming for here! This skill is fundamental for everyday communication and will significantly boost your confidence as you navigate conversations.
can understand a complex sentence or explaining to a shopkeeper that you cannot carry a large item, these phrases are essential. By the end of this guide, you'll be well-equipped to discuss potential and limitations like a pro, moving you closer to fluency in CEFR A1 Chinese.How This Grammar Works
Chinese Potential Complements: Can you reach the result? (V + 得 + R).
Cannot Do It: Chinese Negative Potential Complements (V + 不 + Result). This is formed by simply replacing 得 (de) with 不 (bù). So, if you can't understand what you're reading, you'd say 看不懂 (kàn bu dǒng - cannot understand by reading).
Can you understand it?, you'd say 看得懂吗? (kàn de dǒng ma?).
Can you finish it?becomes 吃得完吗? (chī de wán ma?).
or Can you handle it?Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: 我能吃不完。 (Wǒ néng chī bù wán.)
- 1✗ Wrong: 我不看得懂。 (Wǒ bù kàn de dǒng.)
- 1✗ Wrong: 我听不明白。 (Wǒ tīng bu míngbái.) (Meaning: I can't understand what you're saying because it's too loud/fast/unclear.)
cannot understand clearly, if you mean I cannot understand [the meaning of the content],听不懂 (tīng bu dǒng) is the standard and more direct expression. 听不了 (tīng bu liǎo) implies
I cannot bear to listen to itor
I am unable to listen(e.g., due to noise, or capacity, like "I can't listen to another word"). It's important to choose the correct result complement or -了 for the nuance you want.
Real Conversations
A
(Can you finish this homework today?)
B
(I probably can finish it, but it will be very late.)
A
(This song is too noisy, I can't stand it!)
B
(Yeah, I can't listen to it either. Let's change the song.)
A
(I can't understand this character, can you teach me?)
B
(No problem, I can understand it.)
Quick FAQ
What's the difference between 可以 and V + 得 in Chinese?
可以 (kěyǐ) expresses general ability or permission (e.g., I *can* swim, You *can* go). V + 得 + Result focuses specifically on whether an action can achieve a particular outcome (e.g.,
I *can* finish eating *this*,
I *can* understand *that* book).
How do I make a negative potential complement in Chinese?
You form a negative potential complement by placing 不 (bù) directly between the verb and the result complement. For example, 吃不完 (chī bu wán - cannot finish eating) or 看不懂 (kàn bu dǒng - cannot understand by reading).
When should I use V-得了 versus V + 得 + Result?
V + 得 + Result indicates if an action can achieve a *specific, concrete result* (e.g., 吃得完 - can finish eating). V-得了 (V-dé liǎo) is more about general capacity, ability to handle, or circumstances allowing an action (e.g., 受得了 - can bear/endure it). It often implies a broader sense of manageability.
Is 不了 always about not being able to finish?
While V-不了 (V-bù liǎo) can sometimes mean cannot finish in a general sense (e.g., 做不了 - cannot do/manage it), it more broadly expresses inability to *manage, bear, or handle* something, often due to external factors, capacity, or circumstances. It's distinct from V + 不 + 完 (cannot finish *all* of something).
Cultural Context
重要な例文 (8)
{这么多菜,你吃得完吗|Zhème duō cài, nǐ chī de wán ma}?
こんなにたくさん料理があるけど、全部食べきれる?
中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R){网速太慢了,我打得开这个网页|Wǎngsù tài màn le, wǒ dǎ de kāi zhè ge wǎngyè}.
ネットがすごく遅いけど、このページは開けるよ。
中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R){我|Wǒ}{听不懂|tīng bu dǒng}{他|tā}{说|shuō}{什么|shénme}。
彼が何を言っているのか理解できません。
できない!中国語のネガティブ可能補語(動詞 + 不 + 結果){菜单|càidān}{全是|quán shì}{汉字|Hànzì},{我|wǒ}{看不懂|kàn bu dǒng}。
メニューが全部漢字で、読んでも意味がわかりません。
できない!中国語のネガティブ可能補語(動詞 + 不 + 結果)今天的会议我{去不了|qù bu liǎo}了,突然有急事。
急な用事ができて、今日の会議には行けなくなりました。
できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方这么多好吃的,我感觉我{停不了|tíng bu liǎo}嘴!
美味しいものが多すぎて、食べるのが止まらないよ!
できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方ヒントとコツ (4)
「得」を「〜できる」という橋だと考えよう
サンドイッチのルール
「得」は魔法の架け橋
発音に注意!
重要な語彙 (7)
Real-World Preview
The Crowded Restaurant
A Noisy Classroom
Review Summary
- Verb + 得 + Result
- Verb + 不 + Result
- Verb + 得了 / 不了
よくある間違い
While '不能' sounds okay to English speakers, Chinese speakers almost exclusively use potential complements (V+不+R) to express inability to reach a result like 'understanding'.
You cannot use both '得' and '不' together. It is either '得' for positive or '不' for negative.
Learners often confuse 'liǎo' (potential) with the particle 'le'. In '吃不了', 'liǎo' is a verb meaning 'to finish/complete'.
このチャプターのルール (6)
Next Steps
You've just conquered one of the most unique and powerful features of Chinese grammar! Potential complements add so much flavor and precision to your speech. Keep practicing, and soon they will feel like second nature!
Look around your room and list 3 things you 'kàn de jiàn' (can see) and 3 things you 'kàn bù jiàn' (cannot see).
Try to say 'I can't finish this' next time you have a large meal.
クイック練習 (10)
彼はこう言いました: 'Wǒ kàn bù le zhè běn shū.'
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の「できない・終わらない」(不了 bù liǎo)
音乐太大声了,我睡不了觉。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方
这个挑战太难了,我真的 ______。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方
料理を完食できることを自然に伝える表現を選んでください:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)
正しい文を選んでください:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の「できない・終わらない」(不了 bù liǎo)
Find and fix the mistake:
{这|zhè} {个|ge} {工作|gōngzuò} {他|tā} {做|zuò} {不|bù} {能|néng} {了|le}。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やり遂げられる? (動詞 + 得了/不了)
Find and fix the mistake:
{我听の懂老师的话|Wǒ tīng de dǒng lǎoshī de huà}.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)
Choose the most natural sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: できる?できない?V-得了 / V-不了 (déliǎo / bùliǎo) の使い方
「今日は仕事に行けません」と言うのに最も自然なのは?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やり遂げられる? (動詞 + 得了/不了)
{那本书很复杂,你___吗|Nà běn shū hěn fùzá, nǐ ___ ma}?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の可能補語:結果に到達できる? (V + 得 + R)
Score: /10