被动分词 (Maktub 模式)
maf'ūl 模式就像一个魔法工具,能把动词词根变成描述事物“被”做了什么的形容词(比如“开”变成“被打开的”)。
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Passive Participle describes an object that has received an action, following the 'maf'ūl' pattern.
- Add 'ma-' to the front of the root: 'kataba' becomes 'maktūb'.
- The pattern is always 'ma-f-ū-l' for Form I verbs.
- It acts like an adjective and must agree with the noun in gender and number.
Overview
Ism al-Ma'ful(字面意思是“被做之事的名词”),相当于英语中的过去分词,如“broken”(破碎的)、“eaten”(被吃的)或“known”(已知的)。它将动词转化为形容词,描述接受动作的人或物体。如果你打破一个杯子,你是行为者,但杯子是破碎的。在阿拉伯语中,这种“破碎”的状态就是 Ism al-Ma'ful。它在日常生活中非常常见——从检查座位是否“被占”(maḥjūz)到询问食物是否“被允许”(masmūḥ)。这就是“理解”(主动)和“被理解”(被动)的区别。How This Grammar Works
maktūb(被写的)。mafhūm(被理解的)。mashrū',意思是“项目”——字面意思是“被计划/被立法的东西”)。Formation Pattern
ma- 开始。
sukun(无元音)。
ū 音。
ma + sh + ghū + l = mashghūl(忙碌的)。
ma + ' + rū + f = ma'rūf(已知的/著名的)。
ma + k + sū + r = maksūr(破碎的)。
darrasa - 教),模式会略有变化,但实际上更容易!
yudarrisu)。
yu- 换成 mu-。
mudarris(老师)。
mudarras(被教的)。
maf'ūl 模式。首先掌握“m-a-1-2-ū-3”的节奏!*
When To Use It
- 1描述事物的状态:
Al-shubbāk maftūḥ。Hal hādhā al-kursī maḥjūz?- 1普通名词:
maḍmūn(内容/保证的)mawḍū'(主题/话题 - 字面意思是“被放下的”)mashrū'(项目)ma'lūmāt(信息 - “已知事物”的复数)
- 1表达“允许”或“禁止”:
mamnū'(禁止的)masmūḥ(允许的)
Common Mistakes
- 混淆主动和被动:
kātib(写作者 - 主动)和 maktūb(被写的 - 被动)。如果你说“Ana maktūb”,你是在说“我是被写的”(这听起来很深奥但很奇怪),而不是“我在写”。- 忽略性別一致:
sayyārah - 阴性),它是 maksūrah(坏的/破碎的),而不是 maksūr。Al-sayyārah masrūqah!(车被偷了!)不是 masrūq。- 用于不及物动词:
Contrast With Similar Patterns
qātil(杀手) |maqtūl(被杀者/受害者) |ṭālib是请求者(学生/顾客)。maṭlūb是被请求的东西(订单/账单)。
Quick FAQ
Mashghūl 意味着一个人很忙。Maḥbūb 意味着一个人被爱/受欢迎。majnūn(疯狂)是其中之一吗?ū (waw) 是这个模式的标志。别急!是 maf-uuuuu-l。-ūn,阴性/无生命物体加 -āt。mashghūlūn(忙碌的人们)。Passive Participle Formation (Form I)
| Root | Masculine | Feminine | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
|
K-T-B
|
maktūb
|
maktūba
|
maktūbūn
|
|
F-T-Ḥ
|
maftūḥ
|
maftūḥa
|
maftūḥūn
|
|
D-R-S
|
madrūs
|
madrūsa
|
madrūsūn
|
|
S-R-Q
|
masrūq
|
masrūqa
|
masrūqūn
|
|
Ḥ-F-Ẓ
|
maḥfūẓ
|
maḥfūẓa
|
maḥfūẓūn
|
|
R-S-L
|
marsūl
|
marsūla
|
marsūlūn
|
Meanings
The passive participle is a noun/adjective derived from a verb that indicates the person or thing upon which the action has been performed.
State of completion
Describes an object that has undergone an action.
“الباب مفتوح (The door is opened)”
“الطعام مأكول (The food is eaten)”
Reference Table
| 词根 | 意思 | 被动分词 (Maf'ūl) | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
K-T-B
|
写
|
maktūb
|
被写的 / 注定的
|
|
F-H-M
|
理解
|
mafhūm
|
被理解的
|
|
Sh-R-B
|
喝
|
mashrūb
|
饮料
|
|
K-S-R
|
打破
|
maksūr
|
坏了的
|
|
F-T-Ḥ
|
打开
|
maftūḥ
|
开着的 / 被打开的
|
|
Q-B-L
|
接受
|
maqbūl
|
可接受的 / 被接受的
|
|
L-'-N
|
诅咒
|
mal'ūn
|
被诅咒的 / 该死的
|
正式程度
الباب مفتوح. (General)
الباب مفتوح. (General)
الباب مفتوح. (General)
الباب مفتوح. (General)
Maf'ūl 机器
模式模具 (m-a-1-2-ū-3)
- مكتوب Maktūb (被写的)
用法
- Adjective 描述名词
- Passive 动作的接收者
施动者 vs. 受动者
它是被动分词吗?
它以“Mu”或“Ma”开头吗?
它在倒数第二个字母前有“ū”音吗 (Ma-1-2-ū-3)?
日常常用 Maf'ūl 词汇
状态
- • Mamnū' (被禁止的)
- • Masmūḥ (被允许的)
- • Maḥjūz (被预留的)
物品
- • Mashrūb (饮料)
- • Maktūb (信)
- • Mashrū' (项目)
感受/状态
- • Maksūr (坏了的)
- • Mashghūl (忙碌的)
- • Majnūn (疯狂的)
按水平分级的例句
هذا الدرس مكتوب.
This lesson is written.
الباب مفتوح.
The door is open.
الطعام مأكول.
The food is eaten.
البيت مبني.
The house is built.
هل الرسالة مرسلة؟
Is the message sent?
السيارة مصلوحة.
The car is repaired.
العمل مطلوب.
The work is required.
الصور ملتقطة.
The photos are taken.
القرار معروف للجميع.
The decision is known to everyone.
هذا المكان مقصود.
This place is intended.
الخطة مدروسة جيداً.
The plan is well-studied.
الخبر مسموع.
The news is heard.
المشروع مبني على أسس قوية.
The project is built on strong foundations.
هذه الفكرة مرفوضة.
This idea is rejected.
النتائج متوقعة.
The results are expected.
الكلمات مختارة بعناية.
The words are chosen carefully.
الحقائق معلومة للجميع.
The facts are known to all.
الوثيقة مختومة.
The document is sealed.
الهدف مرسوم بدقة.
The goal is drawn precisely.
الموقف محسوم.
The situation is decided.
القصيدة موزونة.
The poem is rhythmic/metered.
هذا الرأي مسموع.
This opinion is heard/respected.
العمل متقن.
The work is mastered/perfected.
السر مكتوم.
The secret is kept/hidden.
容易混淆
Both are derived from the root.
常见错误
al-kitāb kātib
al-kitāb maktūb
al-risāla maktūb
al-risāla maktūba
al-bāb maftūḥūn
al-bāb maftūḥ
al-amr muf'ūl
al-amr maf'ūl
句型
الـ ___ ___.
Real World Usage
الرسالة وصلت؟
العمل مطلوب.
الحجز مؤكد.
الطلب جاهز.
الصورة ملتقطة.
الوثيقة مختومة.
“Ma-” 小窍门
“天意”与“注定”
别和地点名词搞混了!
Smart Tips
Use the passive participle for states.
发音
Vowel length
The 'ū' in 'maf'ūl' is a long vowel, hold it for two beats.
Statement
al-kitāb maktūb ↘
Falling intonation for a declarative sentence.
记住它
记忆技巧
Remember 'Maf'ūl' as 'My-Full'—the object is 'full' of the action.
视觉联想
Imagine a letter (maktūb) with a stamp on it. The stamp is the 'ma-' prefix.
Rhyme
For the action done, use ma-f-ū-l, it's the golden rule.
Story
Ahmed wrote a letter (kataba). Now the letter is sitting on the table. It is 'maktūb'. He feels happy because the task is 'maf'ūl'.
Word Web
挑战
Find 3 objects in your room and describe them using the 'maf'ūl' pattern.
文化笔记
In spoken Levantine, the passive participle is used very frequently to describe states.
Derived from the Semitic root system.
对话开场白
هل الباب مفتوح؟
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
The window is ___ (maftūḥ).
Select the correct word derived from Sh-Gh-L:
Find and fix the mistake:
Al-sayyārah (car - fem) masrūq (stolen).
Score: /3
练习题
8 exercisesالدرس ___ (written).
الرسالة ___ (sent).
Find and fix the mistake:
الباب مفتوحة.
مكتوب / الدرس / هو
The door is open.
K-T-B -> ?
maftūḥ -> ?
Use 'ma'rūf' (known).
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThis actor is very ___ (ma'rūf).
Pair the root with the correct 'maf'ūl' form.
maftūḥ / Al-bāb
Which of these words follows the 'maf'ūl' pattern?
Ana maktūb risālah (I am written a letter).
What is the Arabic word for 'Forbidden' often seen on signs?
Hal al-kursī ___ (maḥjūz)?
What does 'Mawjūd' mean?
Al-qalam (the pen) kāsir.
masmūḥ / Hal / al-ṭa'ām / ?
Hādhā al-mashrū' ___.
Match the words to their opposites.
Score: /12
常见问题 (8)
It is an adjective derived from a verb.
Use the 'maf'ūl' pattern.
Yes, add 'a' for feminine.
Yes, very often.
The pattern changes to 'mu-'.
Active is doer, passive is done.
Yes, use 'ūn' or 'āt'.
Yes, very similar.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participio pasado
Arabic is prefix-based, Spanish is suffix-based.
Participe passé
Arabic requires root-based pattern matching.
Partizip II
Arabic 'ma-' prefix is more consistent.
Passive form
Arabic uses a noun-based participle.
Passive marker 'bei'
Arabic uses morphology.
Ism al-Maf'ūl
None.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
Related Grammar Rules
阿拉伯语词根:单词的 DNA (k-t-b)
### Overview 在阿拉伯语学习的旅程中,你会发现一个非常神奇且核心的概念,那就是“词根系统”(`الجذر`,al-jathr)。如果你学过...
源自词根的阿拉伯语名词:施事者与受事者 (Faa'il & Maf'uul)
### Overview 你好!欢迎来到阿拉伯语学习的世界。作为一名母语为中文的老师,我非常理解你在学习阿拉伯语时的感受。中文和阿拉...
阿拉伯语被动分词:表示“被……”的词 (ism al-maf'ul)
### Overview 在阿拉伯语学习的初期,我们就会接触到一个非常重要且优雅的概念:`ism al-maf'ul` (اِسْمُ الْمَفْعُول),即“被...
源自动作的名词:被动模式 (maf'ūl)
### Overview 在学习阿拉伯语的过程中,你很快就会发现它与中文在逻辑上有巨大的差异。中文是一种“分析型语言”,我们通过词序(...
动名词:Masdar(吃,睡,工作)
### Overview 在阿拉伯语学习的初期,你一定会遇到一个非常核心的概念,叫做“动名词”,阿拉伯语里称之为 `المصدر` (Masdar)。简...