越……越…… (Jitnā... Utnā)
jitnā and utnā together to show that the second amount depends entirely on the first amount.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'Jitnā' (as much) and 'Utnā' (that much) to show how one action or quality changes in proportion to another.
- Start with 'Jitnā' + adjective/adverb, then follow with 'Utnā' + adjective/adverb.
- Ensure the gender and number of 'Jitnā/Utnā' match the noun they modify.
- The structure is: [Jitnā + X] + [Utnā + Y] + [Verb].
Overview
jitnā... utnā (जितना... उतना) 这一对关联词来表达这种逻辑。这与中文里的“越……越……”或者“有多少……就有多少……”非常相似。对于中文母语者来说,理解这个结构并不难,因为中文里我们习惯用“越A越B”来表示程度的同步变化,而印地语通过 jitnā(引出条件/程度)和 utnā(引出结果/对应程度)来实现同样的功能。在日常生活中,比如在大学食堂点餐或者和朋友讨论工作时,我们经常用到这种结构。例如:जितना पढ़ोगे, उतना सीखोगे (你读得越多,学到的就越多)。这不仅是一种语法结构,更是一种逻辑思维方式的体现。掌握它,能让你在表达因果关系和程度对比时显得更加地道、精准,摆脱那种只会用简单陈述句的初级感。jitnā... utnā 的核心在于“关联性”。在印地语语法中,它们属于“关联代词”或“关联副词”。你可以把它类比为中文里的“关联词组”。中文里我们说“越努力,越成功”,这里“越”是副词,但在印地语中,jitnā 和 utnā 具有“性”和“数”的变化,这与中文完全不同。中文的语法是孤立语,词汇没有形态变化,而印地语是屈折语,必须根据所修饰的名词的阴阳性、单复数进行变格。这就是为什么中文母语者在学习时最容易忽略“一致性”的原因。当 jitnā 和 utnā 修饰名词时,它们必须与该名词保持一致;当它们修饰动词或形容词时,通常使用阳性单数基本形式。这种逻辑类似于中文里的“程度副词”,但增加了形态限制。记住,jitnā 永远放在从句(条件)开头,utnā 放在主句(结果)开头,这种语序在印地语中是固定的,这与中文的语序逻辑是一致的,即“先条件,后结果”。jitnā 示例 | utnā 示例 |jitnā paisā (钱) | utnā paisā |jitne log (人们) | utne log |jitnī mehnat (努力) | utnī mehnat |जितना (jitnā) 和 उतना (utnā)。例如:जितना तेज़ दौड़ोगे, उतना जल्दी पहुँचोगे (跑得越快,到得越早)。这里的 तेज़ (快) 和 जल्दी (早) 是副词,所以 jitnā 和 utnā 不需要变格。- 1直接比例关系:这是最常用的用法,表示程度的同步增加。例如:
जितना अभ्यास करोगे, उतना ही निपुण बनोगे(练习越多,越熟练)。这里ही(hī) 的加入增强了语气的肯定感,类似于中文里的“就”。 - 2反向比例关系:通过加入
कम(少) 或否定词नहीं(不),可以表达“越……越少”或“越……越不……”。例如:जितना देर करोगे, उतना ही कम समय बचेगा(越拖延,剩下的时间就越少)。这与中文的逻辑完全对等。 - 3数量或程度的对等:表示“需要多少,就拿多少”。例如:
जितनी चीनी चाहिए, उतनी ले लो(需要多少糖,就拿多少)。这在咖啡厅点餐或买菜时非常实用。 - 4设置界限:用于表达某种动作的极限,例如:
जितना मैं कर सकता हूँ, उतना करूँगा(我能做多少就做多少)。
- 1忽视性数一致性:这是中文母语者最常犯的错误。受中文“越”字不变形的影响,学生常在修饰阴性名词时仍使用
jitnā。例如错误地说jitnā mehnat,正确应该是jitnī mehnat。原因在于中文没有名词阴阳性概念,导致我们大脑中没有“形容词需随名词变格”的预设。 - 2语序混乱:虽然中文逻辑也是“先条件后结果”,但由于受到英语
the more... the more...的干扰(英语有时会倒装),学生有时会把utnā放在前面。记住,印地语标准语序必须是jitnā引导的从句在前。 - 3多余的连接词:有些学生喜欢在
jitnā和utnā之间加तो(to) 或कि(ki),这在印地语中是多余的。中文里我们说“越A,就越B”,那个“就”可以对应ही(hī),但不要误用其他连词。
jitnā... utnā | 越...越... | 必须配合名词变格 | 阴阳性匹配错误 |jitnā... utnā | 程度对比 | 必须保持语序固定 | 句式结构颠倒 |- 1问:
jitnā和utnā后面一定要加名词吗?
- 1问:为什么有时候句子中间会有
ही(hī)?
ही 起到强调作用,表示“正是那个程度”。在 utnā 后面加 ही 非常地道,能加强因果关联的力度。- 1问:如果是复数名词,
jitnā怎么变?
jitne 和 utne;如果是阴性复数名词,依然使用 jitnī 和 utnī,因为阴性名词的单复数在形容词变格上表现一致。Jitnā/Utnā Agreement Table
| Gender/Number | Jitnā Form | Utnā Form |
|---|---|---|
|
Masculine Singular
|
Jitnā
|
Utnā
|
|
Feminine Singular
|
Jitnī
|
Utnī
|
|
Masculine Plural
|
Jitne
|
Utne
|
|
Feminine Plural
|
Jitnī
|
Utnī
|
Meanings
This structure establishes a direct correlation between two variables, where the degree of one determines the degree of the other.
Proportional Increase
Expressing that as one thing increases, another increases.
“जितनी गर्मी बढ़ती है, उतनी प्यास लगती है।”
“जितना काम करोगे, उतना पैसा मिलेगा।”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Jitnā X + Utnā Y
|
Jitnā khāoge, utnā motā banoge.
|
|
Negative
|
Jitnā na X + Utnā na Y
|
Jitnā na padhoge, utnā na sīkhoge.
|
|
Question
|
Kya Jitnā X, utnā Y?
|
Kya jitnā mehnat, utnā phal?
|
|
Plural
|
Jitne X, Utne Y
|
Jitne log, utnī bātein.
|
正式程度
जितना आप कार्य करेंगे, उतना ही आप अर्जित करेंगे। (Work/Money)
जितना काम करोगे, उतना पैसा मिलेगा। (Work/Money)
जितना काम, उतना पैसा। (Work/Money)
जितना घिसोगे, उतना मिलेगा। (Work/Money)
Jitnā-Utnā Logic
Input
- Jitnā As much
Output
- Utnā That much
按水平分级的例句
जितना खाना, उतना अच्छा।
The more food, the better.
जितना काम, उतना पैसा।
The more work, the more money.
जितनी मेहनत करोगे, उतनी सफलता मिलेगी।
The more hard work you do, the more success you will get.
जितना आप हिंदी बोलेंगे, उतना आप सीखेंगे।
The more you speak Hindi, the more you will learn.
जितनी गहराई से आप सोचेंगे, उतनी स्पष्टता आएगी।
The more deeply you think, the more clarity will come.
जितना अधिक समय व्यतीत होगा, उतनी ही पुरानी यादें धुंधली होती जाएंगी।
The more time passes, the more the old memories will fade.
容易混淆
Both are correlative structures.
常见错误
Jitnā mehnat
Jitnī mehnat
Jitnā khāoge, utnā khāoge
Jitnā khāoge, utnā motā banoge
Jitnā log
Jitne log
Jitnā... (no utnā)
Jitnā... utnā...
Jitnī paise
Jitne paise
Jitnā achhā
Jitnā zyādā, utnā achhā
Jitnā... toh...
Jitnā... utnā...
Jitnā garmi
Jitnī garmi
Jitnā jaldi
Jitnī jaldi
Jitnā baar
Jitnī baar
Jitnā gahrāi
Jitnī gahrāi
句型
Jitnā ___ , utnā ___ .
Real World Usage
Jitnī jaldi ho sake, utnī jaldi aao.
Jitnā zyādā main seekhūngā, utnā zyādā company ko faydā hogā.
Omit the Obvious
Watch the Vowel
The Bargaining Rule
The 'Zyādā' Booster
Smart Tips
Use 'zyādā' (more) with Jitnā to emphasize the scale.
Use 'Jitnī jaldi' (as soon as) as a fixed phrase.
Always check the dictionary for the gender of abstract nouns.
Remember to use the plural 'Jitne/Utne'.
发音
Nasalization
The 'n' in Jitnā/Utnā is slightly nasalized.
Rising-Falling
Jitnā... (rise) Utnā... (fall)
Shows the correlation.
记住它
记忆技巧
Jitnā is the 'Jump' (start), Utnā is the 'Up' (result).
视觉联想
Imagine a seesaw. As one side (Jitnā) goes down, the other side (Utnā) goes up.
Rhyme
Jitnā bolo, utnā suno, Hindi seekhne mein mat buno.
Story
A farmer plants seeds. Jitnā (the more) seeds he plants, Utnā (the more) crops he harvests. He realizes the balance is the key to his success.
Word Web
挑战
Write 3 sentences using this rule about your daily routine.
文化笔记
Commonly used in proverbs about hard work.
Derived from Sanskrit 'yāvat' (as much) and 'tāvat' (that much).
对话开场白
Jitnā zyādā aap ghumenge, utnā zyādā aap kya seekhenge?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
___ mehnat karoge, utnī safaltā milegī.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Jitnā garmi, utnā pyās.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
The more you speak, the more you learn.
Answer starts with: Jit...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Use 'Jitnā' and 'Utnā' with 'samay' (time).
Jitnā (badh-na) utnā (kam-hona).
Score: /8
练习题
8 exercises___ mehnat karoge, utnī safaltā milegī.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Jitnā garmi, utnā pyās.
utnā / jitnā / milegā / karoge / kaam / paisa
The more you speak, the more you learn.
Jitnā zyādā padhoge...
Use 'Jitnā' and 'Utnā' with 'samay' (time).
Jitnā (badh-na) utnā (kam-hona).
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesTum ___ bhāgoge, ___ thakoge. (The more you run, the more you will tire.)
Connect the logical pairs.
utnā / Jitnā / milegā / dām / doge / māl
Translate: 'As much as you want'
___ roṭiyā̃ khāoge? (How many rotis will you eat?)
Jitnā kām karoge, utnā paise milte hain.
Jitnī cādar ho, ___ pair pasāro. (Stretch legs according to the sheet.)
Select the sentence meaning 'I ran as much as you.'
Translate this sentence.
___ dūri par, ___ kirāyā. (At such distance, that much fare.)
Jitnā koshish karoge, utnā safaltā milegi.
Q & A matching
Score: /12
常见问题 (8)
No, they are a correlative pair. You need both for the proportional meaning.
Yes, as long as you match the gender and number.
It is used in all registers.
Because 'mehnat' is a feminine noun.
Yes, just adjust the verb tense.
No, 'Agar' is for conditions, 'Jitnā' is for scales.
Yes, it is very common in formal essays.
Try describing your daily habits using this rule.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Cuanto más... más
Spanish uses 'cuanto' instead of 'jitnā'.
Plus... plus
French uses 'plus' for both parts.
Je... desto
German changes word order in the second clause.
~ba ~hodo
Japanese is agglutinative, Hindi is analytic.
Kullama... kullama
Arabic repeats the same word.
Yuè... yuè...
Chinese is monosyllabic.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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