B2 Adjectives & Adverbs 8 min read 简单

越……越…… (Jitnā... Utnā)

Use jitnā and utnā together to show that the second amount depends entirely on the first amount.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'Jitnā' (as much) and 'Utnā' (that much) to show how one action or quality changes in proportion to another.

  • Start with 'Jitnā' + adjective/adverb, then follow with 'Utnā' + adjective/adverb.
  • Ensure the gender and number of 'Jitnā/Utnā' match the noun they modify.
  • The structure is: [Jitnā + X] + [Utnā + Y] + [Verb].
Jitnā (X) + Utnā (Y) = Proportional Change

Overview

### Overview
在学习印地语的过程中,掌握表达“越……越……”这种比例关系的句式是跨入B2高级阶段的重要标志。在印地语中,我们使用 jitnā... utnā (जितना... उतना) 这一对关联词来表达这种逻辑。这与中文里的“越……越……”或者“有多少……就有多少……”非常相似。对于中文母语者来说,理解这个结构并不难,因为中文里我们习惯用“越A越B”来表示程度的同步变化,而印地语通过 jitnā(引出条件/程度)和 utnā(引出结果/对应程度)来实现同样的功能。在日常生活中,比如在大学食堂点餐或者和朋友讨论工作时,我们经常用到这种结构。例如:जितना पढ़ोगे, उतना सीखोगे (你读得越多,学到的就越多)。这不仅是一种语法结构,更是一种逻辑思维方式的体现。掌握它,能让你在表达因果关系和程度对比时显得更加地道、精准,摆脱那种只会用简单陈述句的初级感。
### How This Grammar Works
jitnā... utnā 的核心在于“关联性”。在印地语语法中,它们属于“关联代词”或“关联副词”。你可以把它类比为中文里的“关联词组”。中文里我们说“越努力,越成功”,这里“越”是副词,但在印地语中,jitnāutnā 具有“性”和“数”的变化,这与中文完全不同。中文的语法是孤立语,词汇没有形态变化,而印地语是屈折语,必须根据所修饰的名词的阴阳性、单复数进行变格。这就是为什么中文母语者在学习时最容易忽略“一致性”的原因。当 jitnāutnā 修饰名词时,它们必须与该名词保持一致;当它们修饰动词或形容词时,通常使用阳性单数基本形式。这种逻辑类似于中文里的“程度副词”,但增加了形态限制。记住,jitnā 永远放在从句(条件)开头,utnā 放在主句(结果)开头,这种语序在印地语中是固定的,这与中文的语序逻辑是一致的,即“先条件,后结果”。
### Formation Pattern
该结构的变格逻辑完全遵循印地语形容词的变格规则。以下是详细的对照表,帮助你记忆:
| 语法形式 | 对应名词性数 | jitnā 示例 | utnā 示例 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 阳性单数 | 阳性单数名词 | jitnā paisā (钱) | utnā paisā |
| 阳性复数 | 阳性复数名词 | jitne log (人们) | utne log |
| 阴性(单/复) | 阴性名词 | jitnī mehnat (努力) | utnī mehnat |
除了修饰名词,当它们修饰动词或形容词时(即表示动作的程度),它们保持不变,统一使用阳性单数形式:जितना (jitnā) 和 उतना (utnā)。例如:जितना तेज़ दौड़ोगे, उतना जल्दी पहुँचोगे (跑得越快,到得越早)。这里的 तेज़ (快) 和 जल्दी (早) 是副词,所以 jitnāutnā 不需要变格。
### When To Use It
  1. 1直接比例关系:这是最常用的用法,表示程度的同步增加。例如:जितना अभ्यास करोगे, उतना ही निपुण बनोगे (练习越多,越熟练)。这里 ही (hī) 的加入增强了语气的肯定感,类似于中文里的“就”。
  2. 2反向比例关系:通过加入 कम (少) 或否定词 नहीं (不),可以表达“越……越少”或“越……越不……”。例如:जितना देर करोगे, उतना ही कम समय बचेगा (越拖延,剩下的时间就越少)。这与中文的逻辑完全对等。
  3. 3数量或程度的对等:表示“需要多少,就拿多少”。例如:जितनी चीनी चाहिए, उतनी ले लो (需要多少糖,就拿多少)。这在咖啡厅点餐或买菜时非常实用。
  4. 4设置界限:用于表达某种动作的极限,例如:जितना मैं कर सकता हूँ, उतना करूँगा (我能做多少就做多少)。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1忽视性数一致性:这是中文母语者最常犯的错误。受中文“越”字不变形的影响,学生常在修饰阴性名词时仍使用 jitnā。例如错误地说 jitnā mehnat,正确应该是 jitnī mehnat。原因在于中文没有名词阴阳性概念,导致我们大脑中没有“形容词需随名词变格”的预设。
  2. 2语序混乱:虽然中文逻辑也是“先条件后结果”,但由于受到英语 the more... the more... 的干扰(英语有时会倒装),学生有时会把 utnā 放在前面。记住,印地语标准语序必须是 jitnā 引导的从句在前。
  3. 3多余的连接词:有些学生喜欢在 jitnāutnā 之间加 तो (to) 或 कि (ki),这在印地语中是多余的。中文里我们说“越A,就越B”,那个“就”可以对应 ही (hī),但不要误用其他连词。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
| 语法点 | 中文对应 | 印地语特点 | 易错点 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| jitnā... utnā | 越...越... | 必须配合名词变格 | 阴阳性匹配错误 |
| jitnā... utnā | 程度对比 | 必须保持语序固定 | 句式结构颠倒 |
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1问:jitnāutnā 后面一定要加名词吗?
答:不一定。如果表示程度(如跑得快、吃得多),后面直接跟动词或形容词即可,此时它们保持阳性单数不变。
  1. 1问:为什么有时候句子中间会有 ही (hī)?
答:ही 起到强调作用,表示“正是那个程度”。在 utnā 后面加 ही 非常地道,能加强因果关联的力度。
  1. 1问:如果是复数名词,jitnā 怎么变?
答:如果是阳性复数名词,使用 jitneutne;如果是阴性复数名词,依然使用 jitnīutnī,因为阴性名词的单复数在形容词变格上表现一致。

Jitnā/Utnā Agreement Table

Gender/Number Jitnā Form Utnā Form
Masculine Singular
Jitnā
Utnā
Feminine Singular
Jitnī
Utnī
Masculine Plural
Jitne
Utne
Feminine Plural
Jitnī
Utnī

Meanings

This structure establishes a direct correlation between two variables, where the degree of one determines the degree of the other.

1

Proportional Increase

Expressing that as one thing increases, another increases.

“जितनी गर्मी बढ़ती है, उतनी प्यास लगती है।”

“जितना काम करोगे, उतना पैसा मिलेगा।”

Reference Table

Reference table for 越……越…… (Jitnā... Utnā)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Jitnā X + Utnā Y
Jitnā khāoge, utnā motā banoge.
Negative
Jitnā na X + Utnā na Y
Jitnā na padhoge, utnā na sīkhoge.
Question
Kya Jitnā X, utnā Y?
Kya jitnā mehnat, utnā phal?
Plural
Jitne X, Utne Y
Jitne log, utnī bātein.

正式程度

正式
जितना आप कार्य करेंगे, उतना ही आप अर्जित करेंगे।

जितना आप कार्य करेंगे, उतना ही आप अर्जित करेंगे। (Work/Money)

中性
जितना काम करोगे, उतना पैसा मिलेगा।

जितना काम करोगे, उतना पैसा मिलेगा। (Work/Money)

非正式
जितना काम, उतना पैसा।

जितना काम, उतना पैसा। (Work/Money)

俚语
जितना घिसोगे, उतना मिलेगा।

जितना घिसोगे, उतना मिलेगा। (Work/Money)

Jitnā-Utnā Logic

Proportionality

Input

  • Jitnā As much

Output

  • Utnā That much

按水平分级的例句

1

जितना खाना, उतना अच्छा।

The more food, the better.

1

जितना काम, उतना पैसा।

The more work, the more money.

1

जितनी मेहनत करोगे, उतनी सफलता मिलेगी।

The more hard work you do, the more success you will get.

1

जितना आप हिंदी बोलेंगे, उतना आप सीखेंगे।

The more you speak Hindi, the more you will learn.

1

जितनी गहराई से आप सोचेंगे, उतनी स्पष्टता आएगी।

The more deeply you think, the more clarity will come.

1

जितना अधिक समय व्यतीत होगा, उतनी ही पुरानी यादें धुंधली होती जाएंगी।

The more time passes, the more the old memories will fade.

容易混淆

The More X, The More Y (Jitnā... Utnā) 对比 Agar... Toh

Both are correlative structures.

常见错误

Jitnā mehnat

Jitnī mehnat

Mehnat is feminine.

Jitnā khāoge, utnā khāoge

Jitnā khāoge, utnā motā banoge

Missing the second variable.

Jitnā log

Jitne log

Log is plural.

Jitnā... (no utnā)

Jitnā... utnā...

Must be a pair.

Jitnī paise

Jitne paise

Paise is masculine plural.

Jitnā achhā

Jitnā zyādā, utnā achhā

Incomplete comparison.

Jitnā... toh...

Jitnā... utnā...

Wrong correlative.

Jitnā garmi

Jitnī garmi

Garmi is feminine.

Jitnā jaldi

Jitnī jaldi

Jaldi is feminine.

Jitnā baar

Jitnī baar

Baar is feminine.

Jitnā gahrāi

Jitnī gahrāi

Gahrāi is feminine.

句型

Jitnā ___ , utnā ___ .

Real World Usage

Texting very common

Jitnī jaldi ho sake, utnī jaldi aao.

Job Interview common

Jitnā zyādā main seekhūngā, utnā zyādā company ko faydā hogā.

💡

Omit the Obvious

If you're pointing at rice, you don't need to say 'chāwal'. Just say 'Jitnā cāhiye, utnā lo' (Take as much as you need).
⚠️

Watch the Vowel

Don't say 'Jitnā koshish' (feminine noun). It sounds like saying 'He is a beautiful girl' in English. Use 'Jitnī'.
💬

The Bargaining Rule

This grammar is a weapon in Indian markets. 'Jitne paise, utnī quality' is the perfect comeback when a shopkeeper justifies a high price.
🎯

The 'Zyādā' Booster

To emphasize 'The MORE', add 'zyādā' after 'jitnā'. 'Jitnā zyādā sooge...' (The much more you sleep...).

Smart Tips

Use 'zyādā' (more) with Jitnā to emphasize the scale.

Jitnā padhoge, utnā seekhoge. Jitnā zyādā padhoge, utnā zyādā seekhoge.

Use 'Jitnī jaldi' (as soon as) as a fixed phrase.

Jitnā jaldi aao. Jitnī jaldi ho sake, utnī jaldi aao.

Always check the dictionary for the gender of abstract nouns.

Jitnā mehnat... Jitnī mehnat...

Remember to use the plural 'Jitne/Utne'.

Jitnā log... Jitne log...

发音

Jit-naa

Nasalization

The 'n' in Jitnā/Utnā is slightly nasalized.

Rising-Falling

Jitnā... (rise) Utnā... (fall)

Shows the correlation.

记住它

记忆技巧

Jitnā is the 'Jump' (start), Utnā is the 'Up' (result).

视觉联想

Imagine a seesaw. As one side (Jitnā) goes down, the other side (Utnā) goes up.

Rhyme

Jitnā bolo, utnā suno, Hindi seekhne mein mat buno.

Story

A farmer plants seeds. Jitnā (the more) seeds he plants, Utnā (the more) crops he harvests. He realizes the balance is the key to his success.

Word Web

JitnāUtnāMehnatSafaltāKamZyādā

挑战

Write 3 sentences using this rule about your daily routine.

文化笔记

Commonly used in proverbs about hard work.

Derived from Sanskrit 'yāvat' (as much) and 'tāvat' (that much).

对话开场白

Jitnā zyādā aap ghumenge, utnā zyādā aap kya seekhenge?

日记主题

Write about your language learning journey using the Jitnā-Utnā rule.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

___ mehnat karoge, utnī safaltā milegī.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnī
Mehnat is feminine.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā kaam, utnā paisa.
Kaam is masculine singular.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Jitnā garmi, utnā pyās.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnī garmi, utnī pyās.
Both are feminine.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā kaam karoge, utnā paisa milegā.
Standard order.
Translate to Hindi. 翻译

The more you speak, the more you learn.

Answer starts with: Jit...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā bologe, utnā seekhoge.
Standard structure.
Match the clauses. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: utnā achhā seekhoge.
Logical completion.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use 'Jitnā' and 'Utnā' with 'samay' (time).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā samay doge, utnā achhā hoga.
Samay is masculine.
Conjugate. Conjugation Drill

Jitnā (badh-na) utnā (kam-hona).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā badhegā, utnā kam hogā.
Masculine singular.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

___ mehnat karoge, utnī safaltā milegī.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnī
Mehnat is feminine.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā kaam, utnā paisa.
Kaam is masculine singular.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Jitnā garmi, utnā pyās.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnī garmi, utnī pyās.
Both are feminine.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

utnā / jitnā / milegā / karoge / kaam / paisa

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā kaam karoge, utnā paisa milegā.
Standard order.
Translate to Hindi. 翻译

The more you speak, the more you learn.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā bologe, utnā seekhoge.
Standard structure.
Match the clauses. Match Pairs

Jitnā zyādā padhoge...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: utnā achhā seekhoge.
Logical completion.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use 'Jitnā' and 'Utnā' with 'samay' (time).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā samay doge, utnā achhā hoga.
Samay is masculine.
Conjugate. Conjugation Drill

Jitnā (badh-na) utnā (kam-hona).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā badhegā, utnā kam hogā.
Masculine singular.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Select the correct word pair. 填空

Tum ___ bhāgoge, ___ thakoge. (The more you run, the more you will tire.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: jitnā / utnā
Match the relative phrase to its logical correlative. Match Pairs

Connect the logical pairs.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["utn\u0101 m\u012b\u1e6dh\u0101 (sweeter)","utn\u012b k\u014df\u012b (more coffee)","utn\u0101 maza (more fun)"]
Rearrange the words to make a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

utnā / Jitnā / milegā / dām / doge / māl

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā dām doge utnā māl milegā.
Translate 'As much as you want' into Hindi. 翻译

Translate: 'As much as you want'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā cāho
Identify the correct form for 'rotis' (breads). 多项选择

___ roṭiyā̃ khāoge? (How many rotis will you eat?)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnī
Fix the tense mismatch. Error Correction

Jitnā kām karoge, utnā paise milte hain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā kām karoge, utne paise milenge.
Complete the idiom. 填空

Jitnī cādar ho, ___ pair pasāro. (Stretch legs according to the sheet.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: utne
Which sentence implies equality? 多项选择

Select the sentence meaning 'I ran as much as you.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main utnā bhāgā jitnā tum.
Translate: 'The more you speak, the less I understand.' 翻译

Translate this sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnā tum bolte ho, utnā main kam samajhta hūn.
Select the oblique form. 填空

___ dūri par, ___ kirāyā. (At such distance, that much fare.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnī / utnā
Find the gender error. Error Correction

Jitnā koshish karoge, utnā safaltā milegi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitnī koshish karoge, utnī safaltā milegi.
Match the questions to answers. Match Pairs

Q & A matching

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Jitn\u0101 de sako. (As much as you can give.)","Jitn\u0101 tum chal sako. (As far as you can walk.)","Jitn\u0101 samajh sako. (As much as you can understand.)"]

Score: /12

常见问题 (8)

No, they are a correlative pair. You need both for the proportional meaning.

Yes, as long as you match the gender and number.

It is used in all registers.

Because 'mehnat' is a feminine noun.

Yes, just adjust the verb tense.

No, 'Agar' is for conditions, 'Jitnā' is for scales.

Yes, it is very common in formal essays.

Try describing your daily habits using this rule.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Cuanto más... más

Spanish uses 'cuanto' instead of 'jitnā'.

French high

Plus... plus

French uses 'plus' for both parts.

German high

Je... desto

German changes word order in the second clause.

Japanese moderate

~ba ~hodo

Japanese is agglutinative, Hindi is analytic.

Arabic moderate

Kullama... kullama

Arabic repeats the same word.

Chinese high

Yuè... yuè...

Chinese is monosyllabic.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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