Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The 'Sandwich Rule' inserts an object pronoun into the middle of a future-tense verb.
- Only use it with the Future of the Present (Futuro do Presente) or Conditional (Futuro do Pretérito).
- The verb must be in the affirmative form; if negative, the pronoun must move to the front.
- The pronoun is 'sandwiched' between the verb stem and the conjugated ending (e.g., 'dar-lhe-ei').
Overview
não（否定）、que（関係代名詞）、quem（疑問詞）などの「吸引語」があり、これらがあると代名詞は動詞の前に置かれます（これをプロクリス/前置といいます）。しかし、文頭にそのような語がなく、動詞が文の最初にくる場合、代名詞は動詞の後ろに置かれます（これをエンクリス/後置といいます）。ところが、未来形と条件法はこの「エンクリス」を非常に嫌います。そこで、動詞の語幹と語尾の間に代名詞を挟み込むという解決策をとるのです。日本語の文法で例えるなら、動詞を「食べる」とすると「食（た）-私を-べる」のように語幹を割るような感覚です。ブラジルポルトガル語では、このメゾクリスはほとんど絶滅しており、代わりにプロクリス（例：Te amarei）が使われますが、ポルトガル（欧州）の公的な書き言葉では、依然としてメゾクリスが「正しい」とされます。文法的な正確さを重んじる日本語話者の学習者にとって、この構造は非常に論理的で美しいものに感じられるはずです。dar (与える) | te (君に) | -ei (未来形) | dar-te-ei |falar (話す) | lhe (彼に) | -ia (条件法) | falar-lhe-ia |fazer (する) | o (それを) | -ei (未来形) | fá-lo-ei |falar, comer等）に戻し、その直後にハイフン、次に代名詞、もう一度ハイフン、最後に時制の語尾を付けます。特に注意が必要なのは、代名詞が o, a, os, as の場合です。不定詞が -r で終わる場合、この -r を脱落させ、代名詞を lo, la, los, las に変化させます。さらに、アクセント記号が必要になるケース（fá-lo-ei など）もあり、これらは単なる暗記ではなく、音の響きを維持するためのルールとして理解しましょう。- 1吸引語があるのにメゾクリスを使う: 最も多いミスです。
Não dar-te-eiと言ってしまうケースです。nãoは強力な磁石なので、代名詞を前に引き寄せます。正しくはNão te dareiです。日本語には「否定語が来たら代名詞の位置が変わる」というルールがないため、この「磁石」の感覚を養う必要があります。 - 2時制の誤用: 未来形と条件法以外でメゾクリスを使おうとすることです。現在形や過去形で
Falo-te-oとするのは間違いです。メゾクリスは「未来・条件法」という特定の時制にのみ許された特権です。 - 3過剰な使用: フォーマルな表現を学んだ直後に、あらゆる場面で使ってしまうことです。友人との会話で使うと不自然です。日本語でいう「敬語を使いすぎて逆に失礼になる」状態と似ています。TPOを考えましょう。
Te darei や Vou te dar が一般的です。não があるときはどうすればいいですか？não te darei）にしてください。メゾクリスは吸引語がない場合にのみ成立します。dar, fazer, dizer などの代表的な動詞で、te, lhe を挟む練習を紙に書いて行いましょう。口に出してリズムを覚えることも大切です。Mesóclise Formation (Future Tense)
| Infinitive | Pronoun | Suffix | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Dar
|
lhe
|
ei
|
Dar-lhe-ei
|
|
Fazer
|
te
|
ás
|
Fazer-te-ás
|
|
Dizer
|
se
|
á
|
Dizer-se-á
|
|
Enviar
|
nos
|
emos
|
Enviar-nos-emos
|
|
Comprar
|
vos
|
eis
|
Comprar-vos-eis
|
|
Vender
|
se
|
ão
|
Vender-se-ão
|
Meanings
A formal syntactic structure where an object pronoun is placed between the root of a verb and its inflectional suffix.
Formal Future
Used in high-register writing or speech to place direct/indirect object pronouns.
“Convidar-te-ei para a festa.”
“Dar-se-á uma solução.”
Reference Table
| 時制 | 動詞の語幹 | 代名詞 | 完成形 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
未来形
|
Ajudar
|
me
|
Ajudar-me-ei
|
|
条件法
|
Trazer
|
nos
|
Trazer-nos-ia
|
|
未来形
|
Ver
|
os
|
Vê-los-emos
|
|
条件法
|
Falar
|
te
|
Falar-te-ia
|
|
未来形
|
Enviar
|
lhe
|
Enviar-lhe-ão
|
|
条件法
|
Fazer
|
o
|
Fá-lo-ia
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Dar-lhe-ei. (Giving a gift)
Vou dar-lhe. (Giving a gift)
Vou te dar. (Giving a gift)
Te dou. (Giving a gift)
代名詞のサンドイッチ（Mesóclise）
必要な条件
- Futuro do Presente 単純未来
- Futuro do Pretérito 条件法
構造
- Infinitivo 不定詞の語幹
- Pronome 代名詞
- Sufixo 時制の語尾
代名詞を置く位置のスタイル
中置代名詞を使うべき？
動詞は未来形か条件法？
磁石（não, que など）がある？
特別な代名詞の変化
標準的な代名詞
- • me
- • te
- • se
- • nos
- • lhe
目的格代名詞 (-rが消える)
- • lo
- • la
- • los
- • las
レベル別の例文
Convidar-te-ei para o jantar.
I will invite you to dinner.
Dar-lhe-ei a resposta amanhã.
I will give him the answer tomorrow.
Fazer-se-ia o trabalho se possível.
The work would be done if possible.
Contar-lhe-ei tudo.
I will tell you everything.
Agradecer-lhe-ei pessoalmente.
I will thank you personally.
Enviar-lhe-ia os documentos se os tivesse.
I would send you the documents if I had them.
Propor-se-ia uma nova lei.
A new law would be proposed.
Vender-se-ia a casa por um bom preço.
The house would be sold for a good price.
Esclarecer-lhe-ei as dúvidas no devido tempo.
I will clarify your doubts in due time.
Apresentar-se-ia o candidato perante o júri.
The candidate would present himself before the jury.
Dizer-te-ia a verdade se pudesse.
I would tell you the truth if I could.
Resolver-se-á o problema rapidamente.
The problem will be solved quickly.
Manifestar-se-á o povo contra a medida.
The people will manifest against the measure.
Comprar-lhe-ia o quadro, se fosse mais barato.
I would buy the painting from you, if it were cheaper.
Escrever-lhe-ei assim que chegar.
I will write to you as soon as I arrive.
Perguntar-lhe-ia sobre o assunto, mas não o vi.
I would ask him about the matter, but I didn't see him.
間違えやすい
Learners confuse the placement of pronouns.
Learners confuse the placement of pronouns.
Learners forget it only works with this tense.
よくある間違い
Eu mesóclise o livro.
Eu darei o livro.
Dar-lhe-ei não.
Não lhe darei.
Fiz-lhe-ei.
Fiz-lhe.
Vou-lhe-dar.
Vou-lhe dar.
Darei-lhe-ei.
Dar-lhe-ei.
Não-lhe-darei.
Não lhe darei.
Dizer-te-ia (in present).
Dizer-te-ia (in conditional).
Que dar-lhe-ei.
Que lhe darei.
Se dar-lhe-ia.
Se lhe daria.
Mesóclise in informal chat.
Use standard placement.
Mesóclise with non-future.
Use standard placement.
文型パターン
___-lhe-ei o relatório.
___-se-á a decisão amanhã.
___-te-ia a verdade.
___-nos-emos na reunião.
Real World Usage
O pagamento efetuar-se-á em trinta dias.
Analisar-se-á o impacto da medida.
Dizer-te-ia tudo, se pudesse.
Agradecer-lhe-ei a presença.
Enviar-lhe-ei os documentos.
Proclamar-se-á a independência.
ブラジルでは「王様」の言葉？
Ajudar-te-ei強力な磁石に注意！
não や que がある時は要注意。これらの言葉は磁石のように代名詞を前に引き寄せるから、サンドイッチ（中置）は禁止だよ。 Não te direi a verdade.
フォーマルな信頼の証
Enviar-lhe-ei o meu currículo.
Smart Tips
Use mesóclise to sound authoritative and precise.
Recognize the mesóclise as a marker of formal obligation.
Use it to give your characters a sophisticated, old-fashioned voice.
Use it to maintain the professional tone of the original.
発音
Stress
The stress remains on the final syllable of the verb suffix.
Formal Declarative
Dar-lhe-ei o livro ↓
Finality and seriousness.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of a sandwich: The bread is the verb, the meat is the pronoun.
視覚的連想
Imagine slicing a loaf of bread (the verb) in half and putting a slice of ham (the pronoun) inside before closing it up.
Rhyme
In the future, formal and bright, slice the verb to keep the pronoun tight.
Story
A formal butler, Mr. Mesóclise, always carries a silver knife. When he sees a future verb, he slices it perfectly in two to insert a pronoun, ensuring everything is perfectly balanced and formal.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write three sentences using the future tense and try to convert them into the mesóclise form, then check if they are affirmative.
文化メモ
Mesóclise is still taught and used in formal writing and legal contexts.
It is considered archaic and pretentious in speech; mostly found in old literature.
Used to maintain a tone of authority and precision.
Derived from Latin tmesis, where pronouns were often inserted into verb forms.
会話のきっかけ
Como você usaria a mesóclise em um texto formal?
Você já leu algum livro que usa a mesóclise?
Qual a diferença entre próclise e mesóclise?
A mesóclise soa natural para você?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
___ amanhã sobre o projeto.
Find and fix the mistake:
Dar-lhe-ia o livro, mas não o encontrei.
Choose the best option:
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesEu ___ (entregar + lhe + ei) o documento.
Find and fix the mistake:
Não dar-lhe-ei o livro.
Select the formal sentence.
Eu direi a verdade a você.
Mesóclise is common in casual Brazilian speech.
A: Quando você me enviará o arquivo? B: ___.
ei / lhe / dar / - / -
Fazer + se + á
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exerciseslhe / - / - / emos / Enviar
I would help you. (Ajudar / Conditional / te)
正しい組み合わせを選んでね：
___ a verdade na segunda-feira.
Sempre dir-te-ei a verdade.
「私はそれ（映画など）を見るでしょう」と言うには？
He would give me the car.
___ para o teu aniversário.
フォーマルなバージョンは？
ias / nos / - / - / Dir
Score: /10
よくある質問 (8)
Technically yes, but it will sound extremely formal or archaic. It is not used in daily conversation.
Because the pronoun is 'sandwiched' between the verb stem and the ending.
Only with verbs in the future of the present and conditional tenses.
The mesóclise is broken, and you must use proclisis (pronoun before the verb).
Yes, it is still used in formal writing and legal contexts in Portugal.
No, it only applies to simple future and conditional forms.
No, ênclise places the pronoun after the verb, while mesóclise places it inside.
If you are writing a formal legal document or a high-register literary text, it is appropriate.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
None
Spanish lacks the tmesis structure entirely.
None
French has a rigid proclitic system.
None
German separates prefixes, not pronouns.
None
Japanese uses particles, not internal pronoun insertion.
None
Arabic is strictly suffix-based.
None
Chinese is an isolating language.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
Continue With
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