A1 · 초급 챕터 29

Modal Verbs: Expressing Ability and Desire

14 총 규칙
144 예문
8

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the verbs that express what you can, must, and want to do in daily Chinese.

  • Distinguish between learned skills and physical possibilities.
  • Express polite desires versus strong needs and future intentions.
  • Ask for permission and state obligations using proper modal syntax.
Unlock your intentions: Speak with will and ability.

배울 내용

Use 能, 可以, 会, 想, 要, 肯 to express ability, permission, willingness, and desire.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Express willingness to perform a task using 肯 (kěn).
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Differentiate between 会 (huì) for skills and 能 (néng) for physical capacity.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Formulate polite requests and future plans using 想 (xiǎng) and 要 (yào).

챕터 가이드

Overview

Modal verbs are essential building blocks in Chinese, just like in English. They are special words that come before other verbs to add extra meaning, showing things like ability, desire, permission, willingness, or obligation. Mastering these verbs is crucial for A1 learners, as they enable you to express your intentions and capabilities in everyday conversations.
In this chapter, you will learn to use key modal verbs like 能 (néng), 可以 (kěyǐ), 会 (huì), 想 (xiǎng), 要 (yào), 肯 (kěn), 应该 (yīnggāi), and 必须 (bìxū). You'll discover how to differentiate between can for physical ability versus learned skills, express polite desires versus strong needs, ask for permission, and communicate willingness or obligation.
By the end of this guide, you will be able to clearly express what you can or cannot do, what you want or "don't want
to do, what you
should or must" do, and even talk about future possibilities. You will also learn how to correctly negate these important verbs, empowering you to communicate more effectively and naturally in Chinese.

How This Grammar Works

Modal verbs in Chinese typically follow this structure: Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb (+ Object).
能 (néng) - Physical Ability or Possibility
Use 能 to talk about physical capability, having the energy or opportunity to do something, or general possibility.
* Example: 我能搬这个桌子。 (Wǒ néng bān zhège zhuōzi. I can move this table.)
* Example: 我今天不能去。 (Wǒ jīntiān bù néng qù. I cannot go today.)
可以 (kěyǐ) - Permission or Objective Possibility
Use 可以 to ask for or grant permission, or to indicate that something is objectively possible (e.g., allowed by rules or circumstances).
* Example: 我可以坐这里吗? (Wǒ kěyǐ zuò zhèlǐ ma? May I sit here?)
* Example: 你可以开门。 (Nǐ kěyǐ kāi mén. You can open the door.)
会 (huì) - Learned Ability or Future Prediction
Use 会 for skills you've learned or acquired through practice. It also means will or going to for future predictions or intentions.
* Learned Ability:
* Example: 她会说中文。 (Tā huì shuō Zhōngwén. She can speak Chinese (she learned how).)
* Future Prediction:
* Example: 明天会下雨。 (Míngtiān huì xià yǔ. It will rain tomorrow.)
* 会 (huì) vs. 能 (néng): 会 is for learned skills (e.g., riding a bike), while 能 is for physical ability or possibility (e.g., seeing if your legs can reach the pedals).
想 (xiǎng) - Polite Desire, Intention, or Missing
想 expresses a desire or would like to (softer than 要), an intention, or missing someone/something.
* Polite Desire/Intention:
* Example: 我想喝茶。 (Wǒ xiǎng hē chá. I would like to drink tea.)
* Example: 我想去中国。 (Wǒ xiǎng qù Zhōngguó. I want to go to China.)
* Missing:
* Example: 我想我的妈妈。 (Wǒ xiǎng wǒ de māma. I miss my mom.)
要 (yào) - Stronger Desire, Necessity, or Future Intention
要 expresses a stronger desire (want to), a necessity (need to), or a firm future intention (will/going to).
* Strong Desire/Necessity:
* Example: 我要吃饭。 (Wǒ yào chī fàn. I want to eat. / I need to eat.)
* Future Intention:
* Example: 我要去商店。 (Wǒ yào qù shāngdiàn. I will go to the store.)
肯 (kěn) - Willingness
肯 means
to be willing to.
It's often used in negative form to express unwillingness.
* Example: 他不肯帮忙。 (Tā bù kěn bāngmáng. He is not willing to help.)
应该 (yīnggāi) - Should / Ought to
应该 expresses advice, recommendation, or a light obligation.
* Example: 你应该多学习。 (Nǐ yīnggāi duō xuéxí. You should study more.)
必须 (bìxū) - Must / Have to (Strong Obligation)
必须 expresses a strong obligation or necessity.
* Example: 我必须回家了。 (Wǒ bìxū huí jiā le. I must go home now.)
Negating Modal Verbs
Most modal verbs are negated with 不 (bù).
* Example: 我不会游泳。 (Wǒ bú huì yóuyǒng. I cannot swim.)
* Example: 我不想睡觉。 (Wǒ bù xiǎng shuìjiào. I don't want to sleep.)
While 没 (méi) is used to negate past actions or existence, it is generally *not* used directly with modal verbs for A1 level. The exception is 没能 (méi néng), meaning "couldn't or wasn't able to" in the past.

Common Mistakes

✗ 我能说中文。 (Wǒ néng shuō Zhōngwén. - if meaning I learned Chinese)
✓ 我会说中文。 (Wǒ huì shuō Zhōngwén.)
Why: 会 is for learned skills like speaking a language; 能 is for physical ability or possibility.
✗ 我要喝水。 (Wǒ yào hē shuǐ. - if just a polite desire)
✓ 我想喝水。 (Wǒ xiǎng hē shuǐ.)
Why: 想 is a softer, more polite way to say "I'd like to." 要 can sound more demanding or like a strong necessity.
✗ 我没会开车。 (Wǒ méi huì kāichē.)
✓ 我不会开车。 (Wǒ bú huì kāichē.)
Why: Modal verbs are almost always negated with 不 (bù), not 没 (méi).
✗ 我想咖啡。 (Wǒ xiǎng kāfēi.)
✓ 我想喝咖啡。 (Wǒ xiǎng hē kāfēi.)
Why: Modal verbs precede a main verb; you need to specify the action (e.g., 'to drink' coffee).
✗ 你应该去。 (Nǐ yīnggāi qù.)
✓ 你应该去。 (This is actually correct)
Why: (No error here, just showing a correct example as a placeholder for a common mistake, but if I must provide an error, it might be using 必须 for a light suggestion).
Let's change this to a more typical A1 mistake.
✗ 我可以学习。 (Wǒ kěyǐ xuéxí. - if meaning
I know how to study
)
✓ 我会学习。 (Wǒ huì xuéxí.)
Why: 可以 is for permission or possibility, not for a learned skill like
knowing how to study.

Real Conversations

Dialogue 1: Meeting New People

A

A

你会说中文吗? (Nǐ huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?)
B

B

我会说一点。你呢? (Wǒ huì shuō yī diǎn. Nǐ ne?)
A

A

我也会说一点。 我想喝咖啡,你可以陪我去吗? (Wǒ yě huì shuō yī diǎn. Wǒ xiǎng hē kāfēi, nǐ kěyǐ péi wǒ qù ma?)
B

B

可以! (Kěyǐ!)

*Translation:*

A

A

Can you speak Chinese?
B

B

I can speak a little. How about you?
A

A

I can also speak a little. I would like to drink coffee, can you come with me?
B

B

Yes, I can!

Dialogue 2: Making Plans

A

A

明天我们要去商店买东西。 (Míngtiān wǒmen yào qù shāngdiàn mǎi dōngxi.)
B

B

我明天有工作,不能去。 (Wǒ míngtiān yǒu gōngzuò, bù néng qù.)
A

A

没关系。那我们什么时候应该去呢? (Méiguānxi. Nà wǒmen shénme shíhou yīnggāi qù ne?)
B

B

周末我们可以去。 (Zhōumò wǒmen kěyǐ qù.)

*Translation:*

A

A

Tomorrow we want to go to the store to buy things.
B

B

I have work tomorrow, I can't go.
A

A

No problem. So when should we go?
B

B

We can go on the weekend.

Dialogue 3: Expressing Needs

A

A

你想吃面条吗? (Nǐ xiǎng chī miàntiáo ma?)
B

B

不,我不想吃面条。我必须回家吃饭。 (Bù, wǒ bù xiǎng chī miàntiáo. Wǒ bìxū huí jiā chī fàn.)
A

A

好的。他肯帮你学习吗? (Hǎo de. Tā kěn bāng nǐ xuéxí ma?)
B

B

他不肯。 (Tā bù kěn.)

*Translation:*

A

A

Do you want to eat noodles?
B

B

No, I don't want to eat noodles. I must go home to eat.
A

A

Okay. Is he willing to help you study?
B

B

He is not willing.

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 会 (huì) and 能 (néng)?

会 is for abilities acquired through learning (e.g.,

I can speak Chinese because I learned it
). 能 is for physical capabilities or possibilities (e.g.,
I can lift this box because I am strong enough
or "It's possible to go today").

Q

When should I use 想 (xiǎng) vs. 要 (yào) for want?

想 is generally softer and more polite, meaning would like to or think about. 要 implies a stronger desire, a necessity, or a firm intention, like

I want/need to.

Q

How do I negate these modal verbs?

You almost always use 不 (bù) to negate modal verbs. For example, 不会 (bú huì - cannot/will not), 不能 (bù néng - cannot/is not possible), 不想 (bù xiǎng - don't want to).

Q

Can I use 应该 (yīnggāi) for must?

应该 means should or ought to, suggesting advice or a moral obligation. For a strong must or have to, use 必须 (bìxū).

Cultural Context

In Chinese culture, politeness and indirect communication are often valued. This is reflected in the subtle differences between modal verbs. For instance, using 想 (xiǎng) for want instead of 要 (yào) is generally considered more polite and less demanding, especially when addressing elders or people you don't know well.
Directly saying «我要...» (Wǒ yào...) might sound too strong or even impolite in certain social situations, while «我想...» (Wǒ xiǎng...) conveys a gentle request or preference.
The distinction between 会 (huì) and 能 (néng) also highlights how Chinese society often categorizes abilities. Knowing a skill (会) is different from having the physical capacity or opportunity (能) to do something. This reflects a practical approach to assessing one's capabilities and acknowledging the conditions that enable or prevent actions.
Understanding these nuances helps learners not only master the grammar but also communicate in a way that is culturally appropriate and respectful.

주요 예문 (8)

1
3

一杯冰咖啡。

아이스 커피 한 잔 주세요.

Yào (要): 필수적인 '원하다' & 미래 표현
4

我们去看电影。

우리 영화 보러 갈 거예요.

Yào (要): 필수적인 '원하다' & 미래 표현
5

{我|Wǒ} {可以|kěyǐ} {坐|zuò} {这儿|zhèr} {吗|ma}?

여기 앉아도 될까요?

可以 (kěyǐ)로 허가 구하기
6

{这儿|Zhèr} {可以|kěyǐ} {用|yòng} {支付宝|Zhīfùbǎo}。

여기서 알리페이 사용 가능해요.

可以 (kěyǐ)로 허가 구하기
7

Tomorrow will be very hot.

내일은 정말 더울 거예요.

'Huì'로 미래 예측하기 (会 - ~할 것이다/것이다)
8

He won't reply to your message.

그는 답장을 안 할 거예요.

'Huì'로 미래 예측하기 (会 - ~할 것이다/것이다)

팁과 요령 (4)

💬

부드럽게 말하기

중국어에서는 예의를 중요하게 생각해요. '要' 대신 «想»을 쓰면 훨씬 교양 있고 겸손하게 들린답니다: «我想买 이 옷 사고 싶어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 정중한 소망: 想 (xiǎng)을 사용하여 원함, 생각, 그리움 표현하기
💡

헷갈릴 땐 무조건 '想'!

'하고 싶다'를 말할 때 '想'과 '要' 중 고민된다면 '想'을 쓰세요. 훨씬 정중하고 부드럽게 들린답니다. «我想买 이 물건.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 想 (xiǎng)을 사용하여 '싶다' 또는 '그립다' 표현하기
💡

세련된 주문 방법

식당에서 프로처럼 주문하고 싶다면 이 문장으로 시작해보세요: «我想点这个。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 정중한 표현: 想 (xiǎng)으로 '하고 싶다' 말하기
💬

당당하게 말해도 괜찮아요!

중국 식당은 아주 바빠서 '저기요, 물 주세요!'라고 직접적으로 말하는 게 보통이에요. «服务员,我要水!»라고 해도 전혀 무례하지 않답니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Yào (要): 필수적인 '원하다' & 미래 표현

핵심 어휘 (6)

说(shuō) to speak 做(zuò) to do/make 去(qù) to go 喝(hē) to drink 买(mǎi) to buy 学习(xuéxí) to study

Real-World Preview

coffee

Ordering at a Cafe

briefcase

The Job Interview

Review Summary

  • Subject + 会/能 + Verb
  • Subject + 想/要 + Verb

자주 하는 실수

Time words must come before the modal verb or the main verb, never at the end of the sentence.

Wrong: 我会去明天(Wǒ huì qù míngtiān).
정답: 我明天会去(Wǒ míngtiān huì qù).

Even for past inabilities, Chinese usually uses 不 (bù) with modal verbs to express the state of inability.

Wrong: 我没能去(Wǒ méi néng qù).
정답: 我不能去(Wǒ bù néng qù).

Do not stack 会 and 能 for the same action. Choose the one that fits the context (skill vs. ability).

Wrong: 我会能说中文(Wǒ huì néng shuō Zhōngwén).
정답: 我会说中文(Wǒ huì shuō Zhōngwén).

이 챕터의 규칙 (14)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a huge part of conversational Chinese. Being able to express your 'will' is what makes you a real communicator. Keep practicing those nuances between 会 and 能!

Look in the mirror and state 3 things you 'can' do (会) and 3 things you 'want' to do (想).

빠른 연습 (10)

빈칸에 알맞은 조동사를 고르세요.

허락을 구할 때만 쓰는 단어를 고르세요. 실례합니다, 메뉴판 좀 ___ 볼 수 있을까요? 不好意思,我___看一下菜单吗? (Bù hǎoyìsi, wǒ ___ kàn yīxià càidān ma?)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 可以 (kěyǐ)
메뉴판을 봐도 되는지 허락을 구하는 상황이므로 'kěyǐ'가 정답이에요. 'huì'는 기술을 뜻해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 可以 (kěyǐ)로 허가 구하기

어떤 문장이 가장 강한 규칙을 나타내나요?

가장 강한 의무를 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你必须睡觉。
应该은 제안, 想은 희망이지만, 必须는 반드시 해야 하는 강한 명령이나 규칙을 뜻해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 강한 의무: "Must" 사용법 ({必须|bìxū})

'그는 올 수 없어요'라는 문장을 완성해 보세요.

{他 ___ 来。|Tā ___ lái.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {不|bù}
능력을 나타내는 조동사를 부정할 때는 «{不|bù}»를 넣어 «{不能|bù néng}»을 만들어요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 조동사 부정하기: `不` vs `没` (bù vs méi)

'자고 싶어요'라는 문장을 완성해 보세요.

我 ___ 睡觉。 (Wǒ ___ shuìjiào.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 想 (xiǎng)
어떤 행동(자다)을 하고 싶은 욕구를 나타낼 때는 «想»을 사용합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 정중한 소망: 想 (xiǎng)을 사용하여 원함, 생각, 그리움 표현하기

'추울까요?'라는 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

{会|huì} {冷|lěng} {吗|ma} {의|de}?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {会|huì} {冷|lěng} {吗|ma}?
의문문 {吗|ma}와 강조의 {的|de}는 보통 함께 쓰지 않습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Huì'로 미래 예측하기 (会 - ~할 것이다/것이다)

빈칸을 채워 '내일 비가 올 거예요'라는 문장을 완성하세요.

{明天|míngtiān} ___ {下雨|xiàyǔ}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {会|huì}
날씨를 예측할 때는 {会|huì}를 사용합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Huì'로 미래 예측하기 (会 - ~할 것이다/것이다)

'해야 한다'라는 뜻의 알맞은 조언 표현을 골라 빈칸을 채우세요.

你 ___ 每天学习汉语。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 应该
조언을 나타내는 문맥에서는 '应该' (yīnggāi)가 가장 적절한 표현이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중국어 조동사: '해야 한다/일 것이다' 말하기 (应该 yīnggāi)

'베이징에 가고 싶어요'라고 말하려면 빈칸에 무엇이 들어갈까요?

{我|wǒ} ___ {去|qù} {北京|Běijīng}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
동사 앞에서 '하고 싶다'는 소망을 나타낼 때는 想(xiǎng)을 사용해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 정중한 표현: 想 (xiǎng)으로 '하고 싶다' 말하기

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

'너는 이것을 먹으면 안 돼'를 가장 잘 표현한 것은?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你不应该吃这个。
부정어 'bù'는 'yīnggāi' 앞에 오고, 'yīnggāi'는 동사 'chī' 앞에 위치해야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중국어 조동사: '해야 한다/일 것이다' 말하기 (应该 yīnggāi)

배워서 익힌 기술을 설명하는 문장을 고르세요.

'나는 운전할 줄 알아요'를 올바르게 표현한 것은?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: "我会开车"
운전은 배워서 익히는 기술이므로 '会'를 사용하는 것이 가장 적절합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중국어 능력 조동사: 'hui'와 'neng'의 차이 (会 vs 能)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

네! 아주 좋아요. «我想吃...»라고 말하면 예의 바르고 자연스러운 주문이 됩니다.
«想»은 지금 이 순간의 바람이고, «喜欢»은 평소의 취향이에요. 평소에 피자를 좋아해도(喜欢), 지금은 먹고 싶지 않을(不想) 수 있죠.
두 가지만 기억하세요! 뒤에 동사가 오면 '하고 싶다', 명사가 오면 '보고 싶다(그립다)'예요. «我想去» vs «我想你».
간단해요! '想' 바로 앞에 '不'만 붙여서 «不想»이라고 하면 돼요. «我不想去»처럼요.
想은 보통 동사 앞에 쓰이고(예: 想喝), 想要는 명사와 함께 쓰여 더 직접적인 느낌을 줘요. «我想要咖啡»처럼요.
네! 혼자 쓰이면 생각한다는 뜻이에요. «让我想想»은 '좀 생각 좀 해볼게요'라는 뜻이죠.